Download Disease of the Future: Malaria and Climate Change

Erika Bishop
Katie O’Brien
Maggie McLaughlin
Danielle Rekers
Heather Thompson
Diseases
 New flus
 Tuberculosis
 HIV/AIDS
 Malaria
 Focus because of connection to climate change
Malaria: Background
 Ancient disease
 4000 years old
 Vector: female Anopheles mosquito
 Host: Human
 2 types:
 Uncomplicated
 Severe
kevinanonymous.wordpress.com
Malaria: Infection
• Anopheles mosquito bites
•
•
•
•
infected host
Mosquito drinks parasite in
blood
Parasite reproduces in gut of
mosquito
Sporozoites travel to
mosquito’s salivary glands
Mosquito transmits disease
during next blood meal
Malaria: Infection
 Human bitten by infected
Anopheles mosquito
 Sporozoites rapidly travel to
liver
 Sporozoites mature into
merozoites in liver
 Can remain dormant
 Merozoites infect rbc and
reproduce
 Rbc eventually ruptures
releasing more merozoites
 http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=iwAEsOpvHn0&feature=r
elated
plus.maths.org
Malaria: Parasites
 Plasmodium falciparum
 parasite that is most life threatening
 P. vivax and P. ovale
 Remain dormant in liver
 Sometimes up to 20 years
 P. malariae
 3 day rather than 2 day cycle
Malaria: General Symptoms
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Malaria: Symptoms
 Uncomplicated
 Attacks last 6-10 hours

Every two to three days depending on parasite
 Cold stage (sensation of cold, shivering)
 Hot stage (fever, headaches, vomiting; seizures in young
children)
 Sweating stage (sweats, return to normal temperature,
tiredness)
Malaria: Symptoms
 Severe
 Can develop from uncomplicated malaria in a few hours
 Infection complicated by organ failures and
abnormalities in blood or metabolism
 Medical emergency- immediate treatment needed
Severe Malaria: Symptoms




Children:
coma
hypoglycemia
low blood hemoglobin
(severe anemia)
 severe breathing
difficulties (respiratory
distress)





Adults:
coma
hypoglycemia
severe anemia
loss of kidney function
(acute renal failure)
 severe breathing
difficulties different from
the respiratory distress
of children but equally
serious (pulmonary
edema)
Malaria:
Diagnosis
 Symptoms
 Confirm by looking at rbc
in microscope
biology.ccsu.edu
Malaria: Treatment
 Depends on:
 Type of infecting parasite
 Area where the infection was acquired and its drugresistance status
 Clinical status of the patient
 Any accompanying illness or condition
 Pregnancy
 Drug allergies, or other medications taken by the patient
Malaria: Prevalence
 About 1500 cases reported each year in US
 People who travel to malaria transmitting areas most likely to
contract disease
 Ex. 30 in sub-Saharan Africa, 5 in Asia

98% of malaria deaths occurs in these countries
 3.3 billion people live in the 109 malaria transmission countries
 Very poor countries
 89% of malaria deaths in Africa
 Ranked 5th in deaths caused by infectious diseases worldwide
 2nd leading cause of death from infectious disease in Africa after
HIV/AIDS
 2008- estimated 863,000 people died from malaria
Malaria: Prevention
 No vaccine
 Repellent
 Wear protective clothing
 Use netting
 Drugs
 Malarone
 Chloroquine
 Doxycycline
 Mefloquine
 Primaquine
shoptraveldoctor.com
DDT and Prevention
 What is DDT?
 Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane
 Insecticide
 Use in prevention
 Effect on human health and environment
 Potential vector resistance
 Alternative insecticide and their effectiveness
Sickle Cell Disease
 Disease Description
 Inheritance
 Incidence
 Symptoms
 Treatment
http://cpd.screening.nhs.uk/images/files/img
med/10937_sickle_cell_anemia2.jpg
Sickle Cell: Genetic Adaptation
 Origin
 History
 Carrier Resistance to Malaria
 Evolutionarily selected for
Impact on Society
 Correlation with low socio-
economic status
 Economic and social impacts
Economic and Social Impacts
 Disproportionately affects poor people
 Two way causal relationship
 Decreased Gross Domestic Product
 Lower rates of economic growth




High infant and child mortality rates
Effect on children’s health
Changes in household economic spending and behavior
Reduced foreign investment and commercialization
expansion
 Heavier economic burden
 Individual and Government Costs
Malaria Transmission in the World
Climate Change
 Global temperature increase 0.8°C
 Sea level rise, shrinking glaciers, changes in the
range and distribution of plants and animals, trees
blooming earlier, lengthening of growing seasons,
ice on rivers and lakes freezing later and breaking
up earlier, and thawing of permafrost.
 Effect seasonality
Climate Change and Malaria
 Malaria incidence determined
by:
 Abundance of Anopheline
mosquito species
 Human behavior
 Presence of Plasmodium
parasite species
 Climate Change
 Disrupt the distribution of
parasite vectors
 Affect the life cycle of the
parasite
 Increase/decrease availability
of breeding grounds
 Change the vectorial capacity
of mosquitoes
 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) predicts that the global population at risk for
malaria will increase by 220-400 million in the next
century.
 Some areas at risk:
 Africa
 Britian
 Australia
 India
 Portugal
 Southern US
How does climate effect malaria?
 Plasmodium species grow faster at higher temperatures
(optimal between 27-30°C).
 Vectorial capacity of mosquitoes increases as temperature
increases (optimal temperature between 22-30°C).
 Mosquito lifespan increases with higher temperatures
 Females increase blood meal frequency at higher
temperatures.
 Aquatic life cycle of mosquitoes reduced from 20 to 7 days.
How can we predict the spread?
 Models:
Climate Change and Malaria: Models
 The ECHAM1-A GCM
model of the spread of
malaria based on factors
such as: vecotrial
capacity and epidemic
potential
 Model of spread based
on a global mean
temperature of 1.16°C
 Model for Plasmodium
vivax (most prevalent)
http://maps.grida.no
Climate Change and Malaria prevalence model for
Plasmodium falciparum
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/climate_change_and_malaria_s
cenario_for_2050
Do humans effect the spread of
malaria?
Deforestation in Kenya
• Land use change can
influence malaria
transmission.
• Study performed on
vectorial capacity of
mosquitoes in Kenyan
highlands
• Results:
– Deforested areas had higher
mean temperature and lower
humidity
– Vectorial capacity of
mosquitoes 77.7% higher in
deforested areas
Our Theory of Malaria and
Climate Change Interaction
Questions?
Resources
 Afrane, Yaw A., Tom J. Little, Bernard W. Lawson, Andrew K. Githeko, and Guiyun Yan.
"Deforestation and Vectorial Capacity of Anopheles Gambiae Giles Mosquitoes in
Malaria Transmission, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14.10 (2008). Center for
Disease Control and Prevention. Oct. 2008. Web. 30 Apr. 2010.
<http://www2a.cdc.gov/ncidod/ts/print.asp >.
 "Anemia, Sickle Cell." Genetic and Disease. National Center for Biotechnology
Information, 1998. Web. 2 May 2010.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gnd&part=anemiasicklecell>.
 “Effects on Socio-economic Development and the Fight against Malaria.” Impact
Malaria. Sanofi Aventis. 1 Oct. 2008. Web. 2 May 2010. <http://www.impactmalaria.com/iml/cx/en/layout.jsp?scat=443F981E-D5C7-4A28-96AC-AC30B4E43FA6>.
 “Genetic Disease Profile: Sickle Cell Anemia.” Human Genome Project. The U.S.
Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research, 5 May 2005. Web. 2
May
<http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/sca.s
htm>.
 "Health." Climate Change - Health and Environmental Effects. U.S. EPA, 27 Apr. 2010.
Web. 2 May 2010.
 “Malaria.” Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 8 February 2010. Web. 2 May
2010. <http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/impact.html>.
Resources continued
 “Malaria.” Mayoclinic, 31 July 2008. Web. 2 May 2010.
<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/malaria/DS00475/METHOD.html>.
 “Malaria.” World Health Organization, April 2010. Web. 2 May 2010.
<http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/print.html>.
 Martens, Willem J.M, Louis W. Niessen, Jan Rotmans, Theo H. Jetten, and Anthony J.
McMichael. "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk."
Environmental Health Perspectives 103.5 (1995): 458-64. J Stor. Brogan & Partners.
Web. 30 Apr. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3432584>.

Martin, Philippe H., and Myriam G. Lefebvre. "Malaria and Climate: Sensitivity of
Malaria Potential Transmission to Climate." Ambio 24.4 (1995): 200-07. J Stor. Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences. Web. 30 Apr. 2010.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314330>.
 Omenn, Gilbert S. “Evolution and public health.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 4 December 2009. Web. 2 May 2010.
<http://www.pnas.org/content/107/suppl.1/1702.full#sec-15>.
 Sachs, Jeffrey and Pia Malaney. “The economic and social burden of malaria.” Nature,
7 February 2002. Web. 2 May 2010..
<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6872/full/415680a.html?lang=en>.
 Tren, Richard and Donald Roberts. “DDT and Malaria Prevention.” Environmental
Health Perspective. National Institute of Environmental Studies, 1 January 2010. Web.
2 May 2010.
<http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901276>.