Download The Tribute System

TheTributeSystem
(1)Thetheologyoftribute
(2)Theprac9ceoftribute
(3)Themappingoftribute
(4)Tributeandlegi9macy
(5)Asymmetry
Koreantributebearer(15c?)
Mingdynasty
1368-1644
Qingdynasty
1644-1911
(1)Thetheologyoftribute
Heaven
Human
Earth 天 9an
人ren
地 di
(1)Thetheologyoftribute
Heaven
SonofHeaven
Human
Chinese
non-Chinese Earth 天 9an
天子9anzi
人ren
華
夷
地 di
Concentric model of
the tribute system
China proper
Peripheral China
Foreigners
Animals
Concentric model of
the tribute system
Hierarchic model of
the tribute system
China proper
Peripheral China
Foreigners
Animals
(2)Theprac9ceoftribute
Mingdynasty,1368-1644
Qingdynasty,1635-1911
Koreantributebearer(15c?)
(2)Theprac9ceoftribute
Foreigntributebearers,mid-6thcentury
Pictures of auspicious signs for
the people of the Ming dynasty
瑞應圖 1414
“Envoys from ten
thousand states”
萬國來朝圖 1761
“Envoys from ten
thousand states”
萬國來朝圖 1761
Foreigntribute
bearersintheouter
courtoftheForbidden
City,18thcentury
Foreigntribute
bearersintheouter
courtoftheForbidden
City,18thcentury
TributeembassiestotheQing:
Korea, 435 times
Annam (Vietnam), triennially or more
Ryukyu (Okinawa), 122 times
Siam (Thailand), 48 times
Burma, 17 times
Laos, 17 times
Dzungars (Western Mongols), 10 times
Nepal, 7 times
Sulu (Philippines), 7 times
Kokand (Uzbekistan), several times 1774–1798
Sikkim, several times since 1791
Kyrgyz, 1757, 1758
Turfan (Xinjiang), 1673, 1686
Korla (Xinjiang), 1762
Portugal, 1670, 1678, 1752,1753
Holland, 1663, 1686, 1795
“Italy,” 1667
Great Britain, 1793
Persian depiction of Chinese Grooms. 15th century.
Topkapi Palace Museum.
MogultributebearersintheForbiddenCity,1656(asdepictedin
JohanNieuhof,AnEmbassyfromtheEast-IndiaCompany,1669)
(3)Themappingoftribute
Koreantributebearer(15c?)
MapofChina:
Yujitu
[Mapofthetracks
ofEmperorYu],
ca.1136
Mapoftheworld:
Huayitu
[MapofChinese
andbarbarians],
ca.1136
WhiteMap
(1600-40)
depositedinthe
BodleianLibrary,
Oxford,in1684
Beijing
Korea
India
Japan
Vietnam
Okinawa
WhiteMap
(1600-40)
depositedinthe
BodleianLibrary,
Oxford,in1684
Withintheseasthere
arecountriessuchas
Baihua,Yingheng,
andRiluothatall
submittributebut
cannotberecorded
intheiren9rety.
Beijing
Korea
Japan
Okinawa
1593 ca.1743
(4)Tributeandlegi9macy
EmperorHongwu(r.1368-98),
founderoftheMingdynasty
EmperorYongle(r.1402-24),
hisson(andnothissuccessor)
(4)Tributeandlegi9macy
,
EmperorYongle(r.1402-24),
whodespatched6ofthe7
voyagesoftheeunuchZhengHe
(4)Tributeandlegi9macy
,
EmperorYongle(r.1402-24),
whodespatched6ofthe7
voyagesoftheeunuchZhengHe
Giraffepresentedto
YonglefromBengal,1414
(lookslikeaqilin?)
(5)Asymmetry
LordMacartney’smissiontoEmperorQianlong,1793
(5)Asymmetry
LordMacartney’smissiontoEmperorQianlong,1793
(5)Asymmetry
BrantlyWomack,“asymmetricnormalcy”:
“bothsidesmanagetheiraffairswiththeconfidencethatthe
powerofthelargersidewillnotbechallengedandthe
autonomyofthesmallersidewithnotbethreatened”