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Lectures 2 & 3 Organization of the Human Body 1-1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure • Physiology: Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things 1-2 Human Body has Hierarchical Levels of Complexity What is a Hierarchy?? • a nested grouping • that is, groups are placed in successively larger groups • levels of organization or complexity 1-3 Human Body has Hierarchical Levels of Complexity • Chemical level – ______________________________________ • Cellular Level • Tissue Level – ______________________________________ – ______________________________________ • Organ Level • Organ System Level 1-4 Structural & Functional Organizations Fig. 1.3 1-5 Organ Systems of the Body Fig. 1.4 1-6 Organ Systems of the Body Fig. 1.4 1-7 Fig. 1.4 1-8 Organ Systems of the Body Anatomical Position: The Standard for Reference • Anatomical Position – Body erect, face forward, feet together, _______________________ • Other Body Positions – ______________________: lying face upward – ______________________: lying face downward 1-9 Body Planes • Midsagittal (Median), ______________________ • Frontal (____________________) • Transverse (Horizontal) / Cross-sectional • _____________________: Other than at a right angle Fig. 1.5 1-10 Terminology and Body Plan • Directional Terms – Superior versus Inferior – Anterior/Ventral versus Posterior/Dorsal – Medial versus Lateral – Proximal versus Distal – Superficial versus Deep Fig. 1.7 1-11 Body Parts and Regions Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Cephalic (head) Deltoid (shoulder) Thoracic (thorax) Axillary (armpit) Brachial (arm) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Coxal (hip) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Pelvic Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Pes Permission required for reproduction or display. Modified from Fig. 1.8 (foot) (a) Anterior view 1-12 Body Parts and Regions Auricular (ear) Thoracic (thorax) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Gluteal (buttock) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Modified from Fig. 1.8 Calcaneal (heel) (b) Posterior view 1-13 Body Cavities Fig. 1.9 1-14 Serous Membranes • Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line them – __________________________________lines cavity walls – __________________________________covers organs – Serous fluid secreted for ___________________________ by membranes Fig. 1.10 1-15 Serous Membranes • Named for their specific cavity & organs –Pericardium refers to ___________________ –__________________ refers to lungs and thoracic cavity –Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity Fig. 1.10 1-16 Serous Membranes retroperitoneal Fig. 1.10 1-17 Points to Remember • Anatomical terms are very precise in anatomy so that one can accurately describe the body and its many parts. • The anatomical position is our universal reference for directional terms and body planes. • Body cavities contain and often separate organs. • Serous membranes cover the surfaces of organs and the wall of the trunk cavity. 1-18 Questions? 1-19