Download Virus and Bacteria Station Labs

LAB STATION #1
VIRUSES
ca
LAB STATION #1
BACTERIAL CELL
LAB STATION #1
ANIMAL CELL
Cyto
plas
m
Ribo
LAB STATION #2
FUNCTION CHOICES
1. Ability to reproduce.
2. Unable to pass on to offspring inherited
traits
3. Can maintain homeostasis
4. Capable of passing on traits by heredity.
5. Dependent upon other organisms to
replicate.
6. Ability to metabolize and obtain energy.
7. Incapable of undergoing biochemical
reactions.
8. Unable to maintain a stable internal
environment.
SURFACE RECEPTORS AND MARKERS
Virus surface markers are shaded and host cell
receptors are NOT shaded.
LAB STATION #2
VIRUSES RELY ON HOST CELLS TO REPRODUCE
LAB STATION #5
HELPFUL
AND
HARMFUL
BACTERIA
LAB STATION #6
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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VACCINE BASICS
Medicine has come a long way over the years. The
development of the vaccine kicked off an era of illness
prevention unlike anything the world had ever seen. In
fact, vaccinations are largely viewed as the most
successful medical advancement in the history of public
health. Before vaccines were introduced, smallpox killed
millions, nearly 20,000 were paralyzed by polio, and
rubella (German measles) caused serious birth defects
in about 20,000 newborns.
It is a widely accepted principle that once a person
catches a certain disease, he or she is immune to it for
the rest of their life. For example, once you've had the
chickenpox, it's extremely unlikely that you'll ever catch it
again. This is because your body, when exposed again,
will recognize the disease and fight it off. The beauty of
vaccines is that they help the body develop diseasefighting abilities without making you sick. Vaccines
accomplish this amazing feat by tricking the body into
believing it already has the full-blown disease. Here are
the steps in this process, known as the "immune
response":
1. The vaccine is administered. It contains
weakened or dead forms of the disease.
2. The immune system identifies these foreign
substances (viruses and bacteria), also
known as antigens.
3. Once antigens are identified, the immune
system develops proteins that circulate in the
blood. These proteins are called antibodies.
They fight the infection by killing the antigens.
Antibodies are made by white blood cells
called lymphocytes, also known as B cells.
The main purpose of B cells is to create
antibodies to fight infection.
4. The body stockpiles these antibodies so they
are available to fight off the disease if
exposed later on. Unfortunately, antibodies
are disease-specific, so previously acquired
chickenpox antibodies will be useless if faced
with other diseases
5. It's very important to note that when the
actual disease infects a person, the antigens
multiply thousands and thousands of times
until a raging infection is under way. The
vaccine provides just enough of these
antigens for the body to recognize them and
complete the immune response process,
therefore protecting them from exposure to
the disease in the future.
HOW VACCINES WORK
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Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Anthrax
Cervical Cancer
Diphtheria
Rotavirus
Polio
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Smallpox
Varicella
Human Papillomavirus
Influenza
Japanese encephalitis
Tuberculosis
Rabies
Lyme disease
Measles
Meningococcal
Rubella
Shingles
Monkey pox
Mumps
Pertussis
Tetanus
Typhoid
Pneumococcal
Yellow Fever
Source: CDC
LAB STATION #4
Bacteria: Gram Staining
In 1884 Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, attempted to find a
universal stain that would work with all bacteria. In the process, he
discovered that bacteria could be divided into two different groups -- one
that retained a stain (absorbs it), called "gram-positive," and one that
didn't, called "gram-negative." His unique method for identifying these
two groups became the first step in any bacterial identification process.
Even the simple determination that a bacteria specimen is gram-positive
or gram- negative can direct a doctor in diagnosis, as different bacteria
cause different diseases. For example, the bacteria that causes scarlet
fever is gram-positive, while that which causes typhoid or cholera is gram-negative. Many antibiotics
will kill Gram-positive bacteria, but Gram-negative bacteria are often tougher to kill, resisting common
antibiotics.
Gram Positive = Purple
Gram Negative = Red/Pink
Antibiotics:
An antibiotic is a compound produced by one living organism that is harmful to another living
organism. Antibiotics which are harmful to bacteria can be used to treat infectious disease. Antibiotics
work by destroying the cell wall found in bacterial cells. In Gram-negative bacteria the cell wall is
surrounded by an extra layer made of polysaccharides, proteins, and phospholipids. This layer blocks
many antibiotics from reaching the cell wall. Since antibiotics, like penicillin, work by attacking the cell
wall, this outer layer makes many Gram-negative bacteria resistant to such antibiotics.
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is an evolutionary process that is based on selection for
organisms that have enhanced ability to survive doses of antibiotics that would previously been lethal.
Antibiotics like Penicillin and Erythromycin which used to be one-time miracle cures are now less
effective because bacteria have become more resistant. One cause of the increasing rate of resistant
bacteria is misuse of antibiotics. A common example is the prescription and use of antibiotics to treat
viral infections such as the common cold in which antibiotics are useless.
Lab Station #4
GRAM POSITIVE
GRAM NEGATIVE