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Macadamia information kit Reprint – information current in 1998 REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ! For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 1998. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: •Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au •Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or industry body to assist with identifying more current figures. •Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body. •Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require. •Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies. •Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading. Macadamia Variety Identifier Contributing authors David Bell Lindsay Bryen Daryl Firth Kim Jones Eric Gallagher Ian McConachie Paul O’Hare Russ Stephenson Coordinating author Noel Vock Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers. This publication was last revised in 1998. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland. This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in macadamia production. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice. While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication. QAL9808 Queensland Horticulture Institute Department of Primary Industries, Queensland in conjunction with NSW Agriculture and Australian macadamia Society Ltd. 1 Macadamia Variety Identifier From the Agrilink Series First published 1998 ISSN 1328-0457 Agdex 246/33 Notes Agrilink concept devised by Noel Vock and Brian Cull Agrilink products are proudly produced by the Agrilink Project Team: Information coordinators — Noel Vock, Jerry Lovatt, Irene Kernot Publishing production — Loraine Chapman Editor — Glenis Ayling Customer service — Lourelle Heintjes National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Macadamia variety identifier ISBN 0 7242 6797 2 1. Macadamia nut - Varieties - Queensland. 2. Macadamia nut - Queensland - Identification. I. Vock, N.T. (Noel Thomas), 1949 -. II. Bell, David, 1963 -. III. Queensland. Dept. Primary Industries. (Series: Agrilink: your growing guide to better farming). 634.509943 © The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries 1999 Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of the Department of Primary Industries. Enquiries should be addressed to: Agrilink Manager Department of Primary Industries Maroochy Horticultural Research Station PO Box 5269 SCMC Nambour 4560 Q Australia Ph: (07) 5444 9690 Fax: (07) 5444 9694 Int Code: + 61 7 E-mail: [email protected] Disclaimer This information product is distributed by the Department of Primary Industries as an information source only. The information contained in the kit and other material incorporated by reference is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment of the content and seek professional advice. Readers must note that the information contained in this book has been developed for growers in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia and the Department of Primary Industries gives no warranty that the information is suitable for other areas. 262 Introduction A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing. The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is: • either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin; • in commercial use; • commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist. Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are not included. Layout The identifier consists of three sections: • The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit. • A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time. • Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate matching characteristics. Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old Leaf size is in scale throughout the book. Upper leaf surface is shown in all cases. Note: Tree, leaf and nut illustrations are derived from photos and have been selected as being most typical of the variety. Note that there will be some variation from these illustrations. Summary of main characteristics 3 Meaning of terms used Contents Own Venture Petiole – leaf stalk Willowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang down Hilum – attachment Leaf of nut to husk Tree Micropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters to initiate germination Raceme – flower stalk Turkey’s neck tip – distinct break between main body of tree and the top slightly pointed Sticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally (as distinct from late fall green nuts) many Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fall spines Precocious – starts bearing at an early age Undulating leaf margins – wavy leaf margins Basal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shell Leaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node medium width Information on selecting varieties Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard. Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the Agrilink • open canopy when young; • medium to large Macadamia Information Kit. small, regular undulating Precautions margin • moderately upright in using this guide more dense with age Nut • Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland and Husk northern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from these illustrations for other districts and under different management systems. long thin stalk • Leaves used in the illustrationslarge are point mature leaves from the outside of the leaf offset to canopy exposed to full sun. medium to stalk • The guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years of age. medium neck long petiole • As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience. dull light green colour Acknowledgements dull, spotted Shell heavy The authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, page flecking layouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text. The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical Development micropyle Committee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the productionsmall of this book. Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regional Size: Length: long variety trials conducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture and the Australian Macadamia Society. large 200 – 250 mm Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher. 460 Own Venture Main identification characteristics Tree shape ............................................................................................... 6 Other characteristics Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7 Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8 LeafFlowers width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9 Leaf spines; husk shape ......................................................................... 10 long racemes (200 – 250 mm) Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11 short, late flowering Key to major varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12 Bunching habit Individual variety profiles singles and doubles A4 ......................................................................................................... 14 tendency to sticktights A16 ....................................................................................................... 16 A38 ....................................................................................................... 18 A203 ..................................................................................................... 20 Kernel A268 ..................................................................................................... 22 large, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape H2 ......................................................................................................... 24 NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26 246 ........................................................................................................ 28 333 ........................................................................................................ 30 344 ........................................................................................................ 32 Key identifiers 508 ........................................................................................................ 34 660 ........................................................................................................ 36 741 ........................................................................................................ 38 long relatively narrow, spiny leaves 781 ........................................................................................................ 40 heavy flecking on shells 783 ........................................................................................................ 42 large nut 791 ........................................................................................................ 44 very dense tree when mature 800 ........................................................................................................ 46 late nut drop with a tendency to sticktights 814 ........................................................................................................ 48 light green leaf colour 816 ........................................................................................................ 50 842 ........................................................................................................ 52 849 ........................................................................................................ 54 Daddow ................................................................................................. 56 Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58 Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60 61 5 Own Tree Choice shape Spreading Leaf Tree Own density Choice & size Upright Tree Dense Other characteristics Open Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm) extended out of season flowering few spines Bunching habit tending to single nuts prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination medium width A4* A203 A268 slightly rolling 246 undulating 333* 508* 783 800 849 • large, round margin medium length petiole Round Husk A16* A38 344 791 • 814* 816 842 very dense canopy Own Venture Nut Upright with turkey’s neck short, thick stalk very large point offset to stalk very dark green moderate neck Shell A4* A16* H2 NG8 Length: short – medium 333* 140 – 160 mm slightly oval, golden brown shell with moderate flecking 508* 781 Daddow Own ChoiceSize: large slight dent from hilum to micropyle 660 741 814* small to medium micropyle * Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management. 658 Kernel A16 H2 246 333 344 508 660 Small A16 NG8 791 814 A4 A38 A203 A268 NG8 791 814 781 full, white 783 800 816 Open when young; 849 Key identifiersdense when older Own Choice 741 Daddow large, round, very dense tree 842 Own Venture pale to medium green leaves with few spines and slightly rolling, undulating margin very extended flowering and nut drop Medium Large pattern prone to sticktight nuts 660and pre-germinaH2 741 A4 tion 783 246 781 A38 slightly oval, tan nuts842 with slight dent333 from 800 A203 hilum to micropyle 849 344 816 A268 508 Venture low dense Own tree skirt Daddow Own Choice Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management. 59 7 Daddow Leaf length ShortLeaf <150 mm Leaf width; tip shape Daddow Medium 150–200 mm Tree Long >200 mm Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm) moderately intense, mid to late flowering moderate spines, particularly at base wide undulating margin; some rolling at tip • • • medium to large moderately upright very dense Nut old leaves dull and dark green; young leaves light green A16 prone to mottling in older H2 leaves 344 508 781 Own Choice Length: medium dull, dark green; slightly rough small point in line with stalk A4 660 Shell A38 741 A203 783 tea 246 791 coloured, 333 round, 800 heavily Daddow 816 striped Own Venture Size: medium 150 –Leaf 200 mm Note: length varies with environment and tree age. 56 8 Bunching habit A16 many bunches with three to four nuts A268 A4Kernel H2 A38 246 round with A203 783moderate ridge 333 NG8 791 781 344 800 814 508 816 842 Key identifiers 660 Own Choice 849 741 Own Venture Daddow medium to large, upright to slightly spreadNote:ing, Leafvery widthdense varies tree with environment and tree age. Husk medium length petiole Medium 40–50 mm Wide >50 mm wide Narrow <40 mm wide Other characteristics wide, undulating, moderately spiny leaves Slightly pointed Pointed tip with some rolling and mottling on older leaves very prominent hilum and suture on nuts, which looked cracked short racemes with moderately intense mid to late flowering extended late nut drop H2 783mature leaves A16 dull and 344dark green; young A4 246 816leaves lightA203 660 A38 green in colour 508 842 A268 800 NG8 781 849 333 814 741 Daddow 791 Own Venture Own Choice Rounded tip medium stalk very well defined, raised neck A268 NG8 814 large hilum 842 very distinct suture 849 very small micropyle 9 57 Leaf spines849 & husk shape No spines Leaf One spine on tip Tree Basal spines H2 A38 344 660 741 wide rounded tip many spines Few spines 791 A16 814 A203 816 508 wide club781 shaped, 783 tapering towards Own Choice base veins raised on upper Point leaf surface A4 333 A38 508 A268 660 H2 741 NG8 781 246 Own Choice Own Venture Length: long 200 – 250 mm 10 54 NG8 842 246 849 333 800 Daddow Own Venture • • medium to large spreading offset to stalk very undulating margin with undulations wider near tip medium petiole Moderate spines Many spines A4 A268 • moderately dense to dense canopy Husk medium, thick stalk 783 800 Shell 814 816 slight to 842 moderate 849 flecking Size: medium to large Distinct sutureOther line characteristics Adhering husk Flowers medium racemes (180 – 220 mm) aborted light, late flowering over short embryo cavity period A16 783 (H2 only) A38 791 344 H2 816 Bunching habit 660 791 Daddow 741 mainly two or three nuts, tending to small bunches as tree gets older Prominent bulge Point Nut in line with stalk very small point offset to stalk Distinctive849 shell features smoothA16 slightly raised neck A203 344 791 round but flattened at hilum Daddow medium micropyle adhered husk Pronounced flecks or stripes Kernel dull, cream, similar toA4 246 A16 slightly flat A203kernels good percentage of whole A268 A4 Daddow A16 Own Choice Key identifiers Own Venture NG8 246 344 660 741 783 849 medium to large, spreading tree Distinct long, groove hilum wide, dark green leaves,Pointed wider at the tip with many spines and very undulating margins light flowering over short period round nut with flattened area at hilum and slight to moderate flecking late maturing nuts tend to pre-germinate 781 814 A16 veins842 raised on upper leaf surface Daddow 800 Own Venture 55 11 Key to842 varieties based on leaf No spines One spine Leaf on top Tree Basal only spines Short Medium Narrow Few spines Short Medium Wide spines, leaf size and842 leaf shape Few spines Long Many spines Other characteristics Narrow Wide Narrow Long Wide Very spiny Medium Long Flowers rounded tip long racemes (200 – 250 mm) intense flowering over long period many spines 508 page 34 H2 page 24 A38 page 18 344 page 32 small, regular undulating margin very wide but more uniform width when compared to 849 long petiole lighter leaf colour when compared to 849 Length: long 200 – 250 mm 781 page 40 660 page 36 783 page 42 Bunching habit mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters 800 page 46 246 page 28 A4 page 14 nuts tend to Own be concentrated towards the centre of Venture 814 page 48 842 page 52 page 60 A268 the tree page 22 • • medium to large moderately upright • open canopy when young; more dense with age Own Choice Nut page 58 A16 page 16 small to medium, round Daddow page 56 very even, round, smooth very short stalk very small point offset to stalk small neck 849 page 54 Key identifiers NG8 page 26 A203 page 20 Shell Size: small Kernel 816 page 50 Husk 741 page 38 Note: This is a simplifiedslghtly keyflat, oval, light only — refer to the individual brown shell variety profiles for full deatils with slight flecking on each variety. 52 12 Medium distinct groove small to medium micropyle medium to large, moderately upright tree long, very wide leaves with many spines and small regular undulations on the margin very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk with very small point offset to a very short stalk and 333 page 30 small neck intense, flowering over long period lighter leaf colour than 849 791 page 44 13 53 816 A4 Leaf Leaf 816 A4 Other characteristics Tree Tree Flowers long pointed rounded tip tip long racemes (200 (250 – 250 300 mm) light, short,late late,flowering intense flowering; prone to second flowering in summer precocious Bunching habit Bunching habit mostly singles and doubles mainly singles very very few spiny spines medium width and tapering towards base relatively narrow smooth, slightly undulating margin flattened margin long petiole short to medium length petiole lime green colour • medium, spreading to • leaf whorls fairly evenly divideddense between 3 and • rounded medium to large • moderately canopy •• moderate to upright open canopy 4 leaves per node moderately 14 50 white, with full, flat large, round high kernel recovery good percentage of whole kernels Nut Nut Husk Husk medium long, point offset moderately to stalk, large point,rough slightly offset to pale surface; stalk lime green moderately long average length, stalk thick stalk moderate neck large, raised neck glossy Shell Shell oval, out of round round with shape; thin, smooth, little shiny golden brown flecking shell with moderate flecking Length: medium medium Length: 150 –– 200 200 mm mm 150 Kernel Size: Size: medium large large to verytolarge distinct suture distinctive dent shell slightly pointed at micropyle small to medium micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers spreading tree with open canopy medium to large, moderately upright tree leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some with moderately dense canopy with four leaves pale lime green leaves with smooth margin or pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed only a few spines and long petiole leaves light, late flowering with early nut drop distinctive dent near micropyle, with microlarge, green pyle onlime slight pointnut in husk, with raised neck and thick stalk large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval pale nutbrown with prominent suture golden nuts mainly single nuts on long racemes small micropyle 51 15 A16 814 Leaf Leaf A16 814 Other characteristics Tree Tree Flowers slightly pointed pointed tip tip, slightly variable with spine long racemes (200 – 250 mm) condensed, short, light, late flowering few few spines spines at stem end and tip Bunching habit tends to open bunching many small bunches wide wide uneven, slightly undulating margin, short prone to petiole rolling downwards dull, distinctive medium green colour medium length petiole older leaves tend to yellow • small small, upright precocious — starts bearing •• upright with willowing of• branches open canopy •• moderate to dense canopyearly 16 48 full, white small, round Nut Nut Husk Husk moderate very point, in small line withpoint stalkoffset to stalk Shell Shell round oval, thin,with slight shell mahogany withflecking moderate flecking Length: short long Length: 200 –– 180 >250mm mm 120 Kernel Size: Size: smallfrom small to large variable long, thin stalk short, thick stalk neck no moderate neck medium raised hilum hilum transverse groove (not from micropyle dent near to hilum) micropyle mediumvery micropyle small micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers small, moderate to dense upright tree with willowing of branches small, upright, open, precocious tree dull green, short and wide leaves few long, wide, dull mid-green leaves withwith uneven spines and short petiole undulating margin thin shelled, mahogany nuts with a dent small, round,oval even-sized nuts near a very small micropyle many small bunches of nuts very late nut drop small percentage of 4 leaf whorls prone to sticktights 49 17 A38 800 Leaf A38 800 Other characteristics Tree Flowers one spine on pointed slightly pointed tip apical tip long long racemes (200(more – 250 than mm) 300 mm) with cream very racemes flowers long flowering short, mid-season flowering many large spines medium width narrow regular undulating margin slightly undulating margin medium medium to length petiole long petiole paler than 246 • prone to twisted branches • large, very spreading (caused by copper • very dense canopy upright with willowing • medium deficiency) wide lateral limb structure• very of branches in later years • very canopyto 246 whenopen compared Nut Husk moderate point, offset medium to stalk point offset to stalk Shell round, light slightly brown, glossy rough shell with slight surface flecking Length: short – medium medium 140 150 – 160 200 mm 18 46 Size: Size: large medium to large uniform Bunching habit Bunching habit singles to triples tends to very long, large bunches towards the bottom centre of the tree Kernel round, white Kernel slightly flattened, cream high percentage of whole kernels Key identifiers medium thick medium thick stalk stalk large neck distinct groove (not suture) suture line medium micropyle very small micropyle identifiers large, veryKey spreading, dense tree; highly prone to wind damage very long racemes regular undulating margin and many large shortish narrow leaves with only one spine spines on leaves on apical tip leaves narrower and paler than 246 tends to very long, large bunches towards slightly centre rough nut surface with moderately bottom of tree large micropyle very upright tree with very open canopy prone to twisted branches medium to large, uniform, round nuts round, white kernels tends to long willowy branches in later years 19 47 A203 791 Tree Leaf A203 791 Other characteristics Tree Flowers pronounced tip tip slightly pointed long racemes (200 – 250 mm) extendedshort, flowering throughout most of the year intense, mid-season flowering few spines longish, dull with few spines medium narrow width, slightly cupped margin slightly rolls down undulating toward margin tip long petiole medium sized petiole Bunching habit loose bunches with triples old trees tending to many singlesdoubles with noand large bunches • very precocious — small, upright •• medium starts bearing early • slightly irregularupright shape;with appears slight willowing of branches straggly to open canopy • moderate Husk rough surface large point, in line with small point in stalk line with stalk round, tan glossy, slightly shell with rough surface flecking withnoflecking 20 44 flattish and oblong full, white prominent ridge Nut Key identifiers long, thin stalk moderately long, thick stalk largehigh, necksmall neck Shell Length: medium – long 200 mm 150 – 230 Kernel Size: Size: medium medium to large slightly flattened at dent hilumnear with husk slight adhering micropyle small micropyle small, upright, irregular, straggly tree dull, slightly pointed, longish, narrow, medium green leaves few spines and longish, narrow leaves with with pronounced tip long petiole and slightly undulating margins slight near leaves very small slightlydent cupped withmicropyle short petiole medium large, uneven sized nut extendedtoflowering through most of the year intense, short flowering small point onlate husk in line with stalk rough on husknut, andslightly nut flattened round surface tan coloured at hilum with no flecking slightly upright tree with slight willowing of branches leaves not evenly spaced on the whorl very small prominent suture micropyle 21 45 A268 783 A268 783 Leaf Other characteristics Tree Flowers pointed roundedtip tip long medium racemes racemes (200(150 – 250 – 200 mm)mm) short, extended condensed flowering; mid-season more intense flowering late in season slightly many undulating spines margin Bunching habit tendency many clusters to single nuts wide and medium long width few spines mainly at base undulations in margin medium towards petiole tip • medium to large • spreading medium tohabit large, • • moderate spreadingto open canopy Kernel moderately dense canopy Nut Husk round, dull, dark surface small point, very small offset to offset stalk point thick, medium thin, medium length stalk length stalk raised neck very slightly raised neck to stalk prominent ridge at dehiscing point short petiole Shell even sizedeven round, pebbly rough nut; to modershell withflecked, ately moderate some whiteish flecking Length: long medium 200 150 – 250 200 mm 22 42 full, medium creamy white high percentage of whole kernels Size: Size: medium very large distinct suture line medium micropyle very small micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers medium to large, moderately spreadlong leaf with many spines anddense, short petiole ing tree medium to large spreading tree with relatively to narrow leaves with rounded tip, moderate open canopy small undulations and a few spines at base leaves much larger than A4 small point to husk; thick stalk with raised small point on husk with thin stalk neck very large, even sized nut with small prominent ridge on husk at dehiscing point micropyle and slightly rough surface moderate flecking; some nuts are whitish distinct suture line on nut 23 43 781 H2 Tree 781 H2 Leaf Other characteristics Tree Flowers rounded tip with no point short – medium 200 with mm) some medium racemesracemes (150 – (100 200 –mm) branching possible light, late flowering late, short flowering some no large spines spines Bunching habit Bunching habit mainly singles, doubles, triples prone to tight bunches prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination Kernel medium to large Kernel flat with moderate ridge many whole kernels wide slightly short, undulating wide margin flat margin with rolled down tip short to medium variable size petiole yellowing of summer flush under heat stress •• large, upright very large, moderately upright •• dense canopy moderately dense canopy short, thick stalk Husk round, smooth flattened, with veryvery small point, small offset to offset stalk point to stalk Shell distinct lobed shape large,flat, slightly round, aborted slightly embryo mark flecked (dimple) Length: Length: short short <<150 150 mm mm 24 40 Nut Size: Size: large small thick, medium length stalk no neck short thick small stalkneck flat at hilium large hilum with piece of adhering distinct groove husk (not suture) medium to large micropyle medium micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers very large, moderately upright tree; modersmall, slightly flattened nuts with distinctive ately dense canopy lobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle and short, wide, slightly undulating leaves with large hilum with piece of adhering husk some spines and some yellowing on summer short, wide leafbywith rounded end, no spines, flush (caused heat intolerance) flat margin with rolled down tip large kernel but low yield to canopy area medium to long racemes with some branching long, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nuts shell with thick base large nuts, but can be variable prone to sticktight nuts large, dense, upright tree 25 41 NG8 741 Tree Leaf NG8 741 Other characteristics Tree Flowers pointed pointedtip tip long medium racemes racemes (200(150 – 250 – 200 mm)mm) intense, prone tolate lightflowering flowering late, concentrated flowering slightly many spines undulating (particularly margin near base) long, narrow relatively leaf narrow, particularly towards base distinctive, spurred, basal slight spines undulations on margin long petiole short petiole Bunching habit Bunching habit some open bunches, mainly singles nuts numerous hang down open bunches on long racemes • very small, round • open • turkey’s neck large,canopy upright • moderately — starts bearing early moderate toprecocious open canopy short, thin stalk Nut Husk dark green medium to long short, thin stalk thick stalk large medium to point, large offset to point, moderate neck stalk offset to very small neck stalk prominent point when nuts still growing Shell round, smooth bright brown shell shell withwith slight flecking moderate flecking medium Length: long 150 – 250 200 mm 200 26 38 Size: Size: medium medium to large raised at micropyle end micropyle smallsmall micropyle Kernel medium full, slightly to large dull, cream very few whole kernels — mostly halves Key identifiers distinctive spurred basaltree spines on leaves very small, open, round (more than 344 or 660) very dark green, long, narrow leaves large, upright tree; moderate to open canopy nuts prominent; hang singly on long racemes with turkey’s neck, particularly when young bright brown nuts with moderate flecking late, concentrated light flowering tend to dehusk on the ground numerous open bunches precocious — starts bearing early; high yield large point on husk, offset to stalk per canopy area very few whole kernels — mostly halves Note: It isonvery difficult to distinguish dehusks the ground between 660 and 741 27 39 246 660 Leaf Leaf 246 660 Other characteristics Tree Tree Flowers slightly pointed tip rounded tip medium short – medium to long racemes (150 (less than – 200100 mm) – 200 mm) concentrated extended, heavy flowering flowering variable precocious timing — starts bearing early slightly moderate undulating spines margin Bunching habit variable few bunches withof nonuts large bunches mainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age wide narrow few spines, regular, mainly very near undulating base margin long petiole large, spreading • medium to large • upright moderately densecanopy canopy • •moderate to dense • turkey’s neck Nut Nut Husk Husk large point small point, offset offset to to stalk stalk medium to long petiole short, thick stalk moderately long, wide stalk large neck moderate neck Shell Shell slightly rough pronounced surface with flecking moderate flecking Length: Length: medium medium 150 150 –– 200 200 mm mm 28 36 Size: Size: small, variable large slightly flattened small micropyle large micropyle Kernel Kernel small, full, with slight ridge slightly flat with a prominent ridge tendency to basal discolouring Key identifiers very dark Key green,identifiers narrow, slightly pointed Key identifiers leaves with spines mainly near the base long largepetiole tree with spreading growth habit small nuts, variable size regular, very even in undulating margin on dark upright green treewide withleaf turkey’s neck very shortearly racemes nut and drop;extended tends toflowering germinate in wet conditions short, thick stalk medium to large nut with large micropyle Note: It is very difficult to distinguish between 660 and 741 29 37 333 508 Tree Leaf Leaf 508 333 Other characteristics Tree Tree Flowers pointed roundedtiptip medium racemes – 200 long racemes (200(150 – 250 mm)mm) late, to long mid lateflowering flowering of moderate intensity many few spines spines medium short, to long, narrow very wide leaf many short undulations on margin large medium to long undulapetiole tions in margin medium to long petiole Bunching habit tendingsingles to singles mainly can have sticktight nuts • large, medium spreading • moderately dense canopy round to spreading • moderate to dense canopy Husk Husk smallpoint, large point, to offset offset to stalk stalk Shell Shell slightly rough surface with round minimal flecking Length: medium short – long Length: <150– mm 150 200 mm 30 34 slightly flat full, white Nut Nut very tough husk glossy very dark green Kernel Kernel Size: Size: medium medium verymoderately short, thick short, stalk thick stalk moderate largeneck neck slightly flattened with thick shell smallsmall micropyle to (can medium be open) Key identifiers medium toKey long,identifiers very wide, spiny,very dark green shiny leaves with undulating margins very large, round tree spreading tree short leaves with rounded tough, pale green husk tip, few spines and manyshort, smallthick undulations very stalk small, round nuts small point on husk small shell point on husk thick susceptible to yellowing and leaf scald under heat stress micropyle 31 35 344 Leaf Leaf 344 Other Other characteristics characteristics Tree Tree Flowers Flowers pointed pointed tip tip with with spine spine medium medium length length racemes racemes (150 (150 –– 200 200 mm) mm) mid mid to to late, late, light light flowering flowering precocious precocious — — starts starts bearing bearing early early few few spines, spines, mainly mainly near near base base Bunching Bunching habit habit tends tends to to tight tight bunches, bunches, particularly particularly with with light light flowering flowering short, short, narrow narrow •• large, large, upright, upright, conical conical •• dense dense canopy canopy slightly slightly undulating undulating margin margin medium medium length length petiole petiole •• moderately moderately precocious precocious Husk Husk small small point, point, in in line line with with stalk stalk Key Key identifiers identifiers short, short, thick thick stalk stalk no no neck neck Shell Shell round, round, dull dull shell shell with with moderate moderate flecking flecking 32 32 flat, flat, ridged, ridged, dull dull cream cream Nut Nut glossy, glossy, smooth smooth Length: Length: short short <150 <150 mm mm Kernel Kernel Size: Size: medium medium to to large large large, large, upright, upright, conical, conical, dense dense tree tree short, short, narrow, narrow, dark dark green green leaves leaves with with few few spines spines light light flowering flowering small small point point on on husk husk in in line line with with stalk stalk no no neck neck on on husk, husk, short short thick thick stalk stalk compact compactand andvery verydense densetree treewhen whenyoung young small small micropyle micropyle 33 33 333 508 Tree Leaf 508 333 Other Other characteristics characteristics Tree Flowers Flowers pointed roundedtip tip medium racemes – 200 long racemes (200(150 – 250 mm)mm) late,to long mid lateflowering flowering of moderate intensity many few spines medium short, to long, narrow very wide leaf many short undulations on margin large medium to long undulapetiole tions in margin medium to long petiole Bunching habit habit Bunching tendingsingles to singles mainly can have sticktight nuts medium •• large, spreading • moderately dense canopy round to spreading •• moderate to dense canopy Husk small point, large point, to offset offset to stalk stalk Shell slightly rough surface with round minimal flecking short – long Length: medium <150– mm 150 200 mm 30 34 slightly flat full, white Nut very tough husk glossy very dark green Kernel Kernel Size: medium verymoderately short, thick short, stalk thick stalk moderate largeneck neck slightly flattened with thick shell small small micropyle to (can be open) medium Key identifiers medium toKey long, identifiers very wide, spiny,very dark green shiny leaves with undulating margins very large, round tree spreading tree short leaves with rounded tough, pale green husk tip, few spines and many small undulations very short, thick stalk small,point roundonnuts small husk small point on husk thick shell susceptible to yellowing and leaf scald under heat stress micropyle 31 35 246 660 Leaf 246 660 Other Other characteristics characteristics Tree Flowers Flowers slightly tip roundedpointed tip medium to long racemes racemes (less (150than – 200100 mm) short – medium – 200 mm) extended, concentrated heavy flowering flowering precocious variable timing — starts bearing early slightly moderate undulating spines margin Bunching habit habit Bunching few bunches variable withofnonuts large bunches mainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age wide narrow few spines, regular, mainly very near undulating base margin long petiole large, spreading •• medium to large • upright moderately dense canopy • •moderate to dense canopy • turkey’s neck Nut Husk large point small point, offset offset to to stalk stalk medium to long petiole short, thick stalk moderately long, wide stalk large neck moderate neck Shell slightly rough pronounced surface with flecking moderate flecking Length: medium 150 – 200 mm 36 28 Size: Size: small, variable large slightly flattened small micropyle large micropyle Kernel Kernel small, full, with slight ridge slightly flat with a prominent ridge tendency to basal discolouring Key identifiers very dark Key green,identifiers narrow, slightly pointed Key identifiers leaves with spines mainly near the base long petiole large tree with spreading growth habit small nuts, variable in size regular, very even undulating margin on upright treewide withleaf turkey’s neck dark green very early nut and drop; tends toflowering germinate in short racemes extended wet conditions short, thick stalk medium to large nut with large micropyle Note: It is very difficult to distinguish between 660 and 741 29 37 NG8 741 Tree Leaf NG8 741 Other characteristics Tree Flowers pointed pointedtip tip medium racemes – 200 long racemes (200(150 – 250 mm)mm) intense, prone tolate lightflowering flowering late, concentrated flowering slightly many spines undulating (particularly margin near base) long, narrow relatively leaf narrow, particularly towards base distinctive, spurred, basal slight spines undulations on margin long petiole short petiole Bunching habit Bunching habit some open bunches, mainly singles nuts hang down on long racemes numerous open bunches • very small, round • open • turkey’s neck large,canopy upright • moderately — starts bearing early moderate toprecocious open canopy short, thin stalk Nut Husk dark green medium to long short, thin stalk thick stalk large medium to point, large offset to point, moderate neck stalk offset to very small neck stalk prominent point when nuts still growing Shell round, smooth bright brown shell shell withwith slight flecking moderate flecking medium Length: long 150 – 250 200 mm 200 26 38 Size: Size: medium medium to large raised at micropyle end micropyle smallsmall micropyle Kernel medium full, slightly to large dull, cream very few whole kernels — mostly halves Key identifiers distinctive spurred basaltree spines on leaves very small, open, round (more than 344 or 660) very dark green, long, narrow leaves large, upright tree; moderate to open canopy nuts prominent; hang singly on long racemes with turkey’s neck, particularly when young bright brown nuts with moderate flecking late, concentrated light flowering tend to dehusk on the ground numerous open bunches precocious — starts bearing early; high yield large point on husk, offset to stalk per canopy area very few whole kernels — mostly halves Note: It isonvery difficult to distinguish dehusks the ground between 660 and 741 27 39 781 H2 Tree 781 H2 Leaf Other characteristics Tree Flowers rounded tip with no point short – medium 200 with mm) some medium racemesracemes (150 – (100 200 –mm) branching possible light, late flowering late, short flowering some no large spines spines Bunching habit Bunching habit mainly singles, doubles, triples prone to tight bunches prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination Kernel medium to large Kernel flat with moderate ridge many whole kernels wide slightly short, undulating wide margin flat margin with rolled down tip short to medium variable size petiole yellowing of summer flush under heat stress •• large, upright very large, moderately upright •• dense canopy moderately dense canopy short, thick stalk Husk round, smooth flattened, with veryvery small point, small offset to offset stalk point to stalk Shell distinct lobed shape large,flat, slightly round, aborted slightly embryo mark flecked (dimple) Length: Length: short short <<150 150 mm mm 24 40 Nut Size: Size: large small thick, medium length stalk no neck short thick small stalkneck flat at hilium large hilum with piece of adhering distinct groove husk (not suture) medium to large micropyle medium micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers very large, moderately upright tree; modersmall, slightly flattened nuts with distinctive ately dense canopy lobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle and short, wide, slightly undulating leaves with large hilum with piece of adhering husk some spines and some yellowing on summer short, wide leafbywith end, no spines, flush (caused heatrounded intolerance) flat margin with rolled down tip large kernel but low yield to canopy area medium to long racemes with some branching long, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nuts shell with thick base large nuts, but can be variable prone to sticktight nuts large, dense, upright tree 25 41 783 A268 A268 783 Leaf Other characteristics Tree Flowers roundedtip tip pointed long racemes (200(150 – 250 mm)mm) medium racemes – 200 short, condensed mid-season flowering extended flowering; more intense late in season slightly many undulating spines margin Bunching habit tendency to single nuts many clusters wide and medium long width few spines mainly at base undulations in margin medium towards petiole tip • medium to large • spreading medium tohabit large, • • moderate spreadingto open canopy Kernel moderately dense canopy Nut Husk round, dull, dark surface small point, very small offset to offset stalk point thick, medium thin, medium length stalk length stalk raised neck very slightly raised neck to stalk prominent ridge at dehiscing point short petiole Shell even sizedeven round, pebbly rough nut; to modershell withflecked, ately moderate some whiteish flecking medium Length: long 150 – 250 200 mm 200 42 22 full, creamy white medium high percentage of whole kernels Size: Size: medium very large distinct suture line medium micropyle very small micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers medium to large, moderately spreadlong leaf with many spines anddense, short petiole ing tree medium to large spreading tree with relatively to narrow leaves with rounded tip, moderate open canopy small undulations and a few spines at base leaves much larger than A4 small point to husk; thick stalk with raised small point on husk with thin stalk neck very large, even sized nut with small prominent ridge on husk at dehiscing point micropyle and slightly rough surface moderate flecking; some nuts are whitish distinct suture line on nut 23 43 A203 791 Tree Leaf A203 791 Other characteristics Tree Flowers pronounced tip tip slightly pointed long racemes (200 – 250 mm) extendedshort, flowering throughout most of the year intense, mid-season flowering few spines longish, dull with few spines medium narrow width, slightly cupped margin slightly rolls down undulating toward margin tip long petiole medium sized petiole Bunching habit loose bunches with triples old trees tending to many singlesdoubles with noand large bunches • very precocious — small, upright •• medium starts bearing early • slightly irregularupright shape;with appears slight willowing of branches straggly to open canopy • moderate Husk rough surface large point, in line with small point in stalk line with stalk round, tan glossy, slightly shell with rough surface flecking withnoflecking 20 44 flattish and oblong full, white prominent ridge Nut Key identifiers long, thin stalk moderately long, thick stalk largehigh, necksmall neck Shell Length: medium – long 200 mm 150 – 230 Kernel Size: Size: medium medium to large slightly flattened at dent hilumnear with husk slight adhering micropyle small micropyle small, upright, irregular, straggly tree dull, slightly pointed, longish, narrow, medium green leaves few spines and longish, narrow leaves with with pronounced tip long petiole and slightly undulating margins slight near leaves very small slightlydent cupped withmicropyle short petiole medium large, uneven sized nut extendedtoflowering through most of the year intense, short flowering small point onlate husk in line with stalk rough on husknut, andslightly nut flattened round surface tan coloured at hilum with no flecking slightly upright tree with slight willowing of branches leaves not evenly spaced on the whorl very small prominent suture micropyle 21 45 A38 800 Leaf A38 800 Other characteristics Tree Flowers one spine on pointed slightly pointed tip apical tip long long racemes (200(more – 250 than mm) 300 mm) with cream very racemes flowers long flowering short, mid-season flowering many large spines medium width narrow regular undulating margin slightly undulating margin medium medium to length petiole long petiole paler than 246 • prone to twisted branches • large, very spreading (caused by copper • very dense canopy upright with willowing • medium deficiency) wide lateral limb structure• very of branches in later years • very open canopyto 246 when compared Nut Husk moderate point, offset medium to stalk point offset to stalk Shell round, light slightly brown, glossy rough shell with slight surface flecking Length: – medium Length: short medium 140 150 –– 160 200 mm mm 18 46 Size: Size: largemedium to large uniform Bunching habit Bunching habit singles to triples tends to very long, large bunches towards the bottom centre of the tree Kernel round, white Kernel slightly flattened, cream high percentage of whole kernels Key identifiers medium thick medium thick stalk stalk large neck distinct groove (not suture) suture line medium micropyle very small micropyle identifiers large, veryKey spreading, dense tree; highly prone to wind damage very long racemes regular undulating margin and many large shortish narrow leaves with only one spine spines on leaves on apical tip leaves narrower and paler than 246 tends to very long, large bunches towards slightly centre rough nut surface with moderately bottom of tree large micropyle very upright tree with very open canopy prone to twisted branches medium to large, uniform, round nuts round, white kernels tends to long willowy branches in later years 19 47 A16 814 Leaf 814 A16 Other characteristics characteristics Other Tree Flowers Flowers slightly pointed tip tip, with spine variable long long racemes racemes (200 (200 –– 250 250 mm) mm) condensed, short, light, late lateflowering flowering few spines at stem end and tip Bunching Bunching habit habit tends open bunching many to small bunches wide wide uneven, slightly undulating margin, short to prone petiole rolling downwards dull, distinctive medium green colour medium length petiole older leaves tend to yellow • small •• small, • branches precocious — starts bearing uprightupright with willowing of •• open canopy moderate to dense canopyearly 16 48 full, white small, round Nut Husk moderate veryinsmall point, line withpoint stalkoffset to stalk Shell round oval, thin,with slight shell mahogany withflecking moderate flecking Length: short long 120 200 – 180 >250mm mm Kernel Kernel Size: Size: small from small to large variable long, thin stalk short, thick stalk neck no moderate neck medium raised hilum hilum transverse groove (not from micropyle dent near to hilum) micropyle medium very micropyle small micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers small, moderate to dense upright tree with willowing of branches small, upright, open, precocious tree dull green, short and wide leaves with few long, wide, dull mid-green leaves with uneven spines and short petiole undulating margin thin shelled, mahogany nuts with a dent small, round,oval even-sized nuts near a very small micropyle many small bunches of nuts very late nut drop small percentage of 4 leaf whorls prone to sticktights 49 17 816 A4 Leaf 816 A4 Other characteristics Tree Flowers long pointed rounded tip tip (200 – 300 250 mm) long racemes (250 light, late short, late,flowering intense flowering; prone to second flowering in summer precocious Bunching habit Bunching habit mostly singles and doubles mainly singles very few spiny spines medium width and tapering towards base relatively narrow smooth, slightly undulating margin flattened margin long petiole short to medium length petiole lime green colour • medium, spreading to • leaf whorls fairly evenly divideddense between 3 and • rounded medium to large • moderately canopy •• moderate to upright open canopy 4 leaves per node moderately 14 50 large, white, full, flat round with high kernel recovery good percentage of whole kernels Nut Husk medium long, point offset moderately to stalk, large point,rough slightly offset to pale surface; stalk lime green moderately long average length, stalk thick stalk moderate neck large, raised neck glossy Shell oval, out of round round with shape; thin, smooth, little shiny golden brown flecking shell with moderate flecking Length: medium 150 – 200 mm Kernel Size: Size: medium large large to verytolarge distinct suture distinctive dent shell slightly pointed at micropyle small to medium micropyle Key identifiers Key identifiers spreading tree with open canopy medium to large, moderately upright tree leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some with moderately dense canopy with four leaves pale lime green leaves with smooth margin or pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed only a few spines and long petiole leaves light, late flowering with early nut drop distinctive dent near micropyle, with microlarge,onlime green pyle slight pointnut in husk, with raised neck and thick stalk large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval pale nutbrown with prominent suture golden nuts mainly single nuts on long racemes small micropyle 15 51 Key to842 varieties based on leaf No spines One spine Leaf on top Tree Basal only spines Short Medium Narrow Few spines Short Medium Wide spines, leaf size and842 leaf shape Few spines Long Narrow Many spines Other characteristics Long Wide Narrow Wide Very spiny Medium Long Flowers rounded tip long racemes (200 – 250 mm) intense flowering over long period many spines 508 page 34 H2 page 24 A38 page 18 344 page 32 small, regular undulating margin very wide but more uniform width when compared to 849 long petiole lighter leaf colour when compared to 849 Length: long 200 – 250 mm 781 page 40 660 page 36 783 page 42 Bunching habit mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters 800 page 46 246 page 28 A4 page 14 nuts tend toOwn be concentrated towards the centre of Venture 814 page 48 842 page 52 page 60 A268 the tree page 22 • • medium to large moderately upright • open canopy when young; more dense with age Own Nut Choice page 58 A16 page 16 small to medium, round Daddow page 56 very even, round, smooth very short stalk very small point offset to stalk small neck 849 page 54 Key identifiers NG8 page 26 A203 page 20 Shell Size: small Kernel 816 page 50 Husk 741 page 38 Note: This is a simplified keyflat, slghtly oval, light only — refer to the individual brown shell variety profiles for full deatils with slight flecking on each variety. 52 12 Medium distinct groove small to medium micropyle medium to large, moderately upright tree long, very wide leaves with many spines and small regular undulations on the margin very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk with very small point offset to a very short stalk and 333 page 30 small neck intense, flowering over long period lighter leaf colour than 849 791 page 44 13 53 Distinctive849 shell features Leaf spines849 & husk shape Leaf No spines One spine on tip Tree Basal spines H2 A38 344 660 741 wide rounded tip many spines Few spines 791 A16 814 A203 816 508 wide club781 shaped, 783 tapering towards Own Choice base veins raised on upper Point leaf surface A4 333 A38 508 A268 660 H2 741 NG8 781 246 Own Choice Own Venture Length: long 200 – 250 mm 54 10 NG8 842 246 849 333 800 Daddow Own Venture • • medium to large spreading offset to stalk very undulating margin with undulations wider near tip medium petiole Moderate spines Many spines A4 A268 • moderately dense to dense canopy Husk medium, thick stalk 783 800 Shell 814 816 slight to 842 moderate 849 flecking Size: medium to large Flowers medium racemes (180 – 220 mm) aborted light, late flowering over short embryo cavity period A16 783 (H2 only) A38 791 344 H2 816 Bunching habit 660 791 Daddow 741 mainly two or three nuts, tending to small bunches as tree gets older Prominent bulge Point Nut in line with stalk very small point offset to stalk Distinct sutureOther line characteristics Adhering husk smoothA16 slightly raised neck Pronounced flecks or stripes Kernel dull, cream, similar toA4 246 A16 slightly flat A203kernels good percentage of whole A268 A4 Daddow A16 Own Choice Key identifiers Own Venture NG8 246 344 660 741 783 849 medium to large, spreading tree Distinct groove hilum long, wide, dark green leaves,Pointed wider at the tip A203 344 791 round but flattened at hilum Daddow medium micropyle adhered husk 781 800 Own Venture with many spines and very undulating margins light flowering over short period round nut with flattened area at hilum and slight to moderate flecking late maturing nuts tend to pre-germinate 814 A16 veins842 raised on upper leaf surface Daddow 11 55 Leaf Daddow length ShortLeaf <150 mm Leaf width; Daddow tip shape Medium 150–200 mm Tree Long >200 mm Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm) moderately intense, mid to late flowering moderate spines, particularly at base wide undulating margin; some rolling at tip • • • medium to large moderately upright very dense Nut old leaves dull and dark green; young leaves light green A16 prone to mottling in older H2 leaves 344 508 781 Own Choice Length: medium dull, dark green; slightly rough small point in line with stalk A4 660 Shell A38 741 A203 783 tea 246 791 coloured, 333 round, 800 heavily Daddow 816 striped Own Venture Size: medium 150 –Leaf 200 mm Note: length varies with environment and tree age. 56 8 Bunching habit many bunches with three to four A16 nuts A268 A4Kernel H2 A38 246 round with A203 783moderate ridge 333 NG8 791 781 344 800 814 508 816 842 Key identifiers 660 Own Choice 849 741 Own Venture Daddow medium to large, upright to slightly spreadtree environment and tree age. Note:ing, Leafvery widthdense varies with Husk medium length petiole Medium 40–50 mm Wide >50 mm wide Narrow <40 mm wide Other characteristics wide, undulating, moderately spiny leaves Slightly pointed Pointed tip with some rolling and mottling on older leaves very prominent hilum and suture on nuts, which looked cracked short racemes with moderately intense mid to late flowering extended late nut drop H2 783mature leaves A16 dull and 344dark green; young A4 246 816leaves lightA203 660 A38 green in colour 508 842 A268 800 NG8 781 849 333 814 741 Daddow 791 Own Venture Own Choice Rounded tip medium stalk very well defined, raised neck A268 NG8 814 large hilum 842 very distinct suture 849 very small micropyle 57 9 Own Tree Choice shape Leaf Spreading Tree density & size Own Choice Dense Other characteristics Open Upright Tree Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm) extended out of season flowering few spines Bunching habit tending to single nuts prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination medium width A4* A203 A268 slightly rolling 246 undulating 333* 508* 783 800 849 • large, round margin medium length petiole Round Husk A16* A38 344 791 • 814* 816 842 very dense canopy Own Venture Nut Upright with turkey’s neck short, thick stalk very large point offset to stalk very dark green moderate neck Shell A4* A16* H2 NG8 Length: short – medium 333* 140 – 160 mm slightly oval, golden brown shell with moderate flecking 508* 781 Daddow Own ChoiceSize: large slight dent from hilum to micropyle 660 741 814* small to medium micropyle * Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management. 58 6 Kernel A16 H2 246 333 344 508 660 Small A16 NG8 791 814 A4 A38 A203 A268 NG8 791 814 781 full, white 783 800 816 Open when young; 849 dense when older Key identifiers Own Choice 741 Daddow large, round, very dense tree 842 Own Venture pale to medium green leaves with few spines and slightly rolling, undulating margin very extended flowering and nut drop Medium Large pattern prone to sticktight nuts 660 and pre-germinaH2 741 A4 tion 783 246 781 A38 333 slightly oval, tan nuts842 with slight dent from 800 A203 849 344 816 hilum to micropyle A268 508 low denseOwn tree Venture skirt Daddow Own Choice Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management. 7 59 Meaning of terms used Contents Own Venture Petiole – leaf stalk Willowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang down Hilum – attachment Leaf of nut to husk Tree Micropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters to initiate germination Raceme – flower stalk Turkey’s necktip– distinct break between main body of tree and the top slightly pointed Sticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally (as distinct from late fall green nuts) many Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fall spines Precocious – starts bearing at an early age Undulating leaf margins – wavy leaf margins Basal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shell Leaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node medium width Information on selecting varieties Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard. Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the Agrilink • open canopy when young; • medium to large Macadamia Information Kit. small, regular undulating Precautions margin • moderately upright in using this guide more dense with age Nut • Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland and Husk northern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from these illustrations for other districts and under different management systems. long thin stalk • Leaves used in the illustrationslarge arepoint mature leaves from the outside of the leaf canopy exposed to full sun. offset to medium to stalk • The guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years of age. medium neck long petiole • As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience. dull light green colour Acknowledgements dull, spotted Shell heavy The authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, page flecking layouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text. The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical Development micropyle Committee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the productionsmall of this book. Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regional Size: Length: longconducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture variety trials and the Australian Macadamia Society. large 200 – 250 mm Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher. 4 60 Own Venture Main identification characteristics Tree shape ............................................................................................... 6 Other characteristics Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7 Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8 LeafFlowers width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9 Leaf spines; husk shape ......................................................................... 10 long racemes (200 – 250 mm) Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11 short, late flowering Key to major varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12 Bunching habit Individual variety profiles singles and doubles A4 ......................................................................................................... 14 tendency to sticktights A16 ....................................................................................................... 16 A38 ....................................................................................................... 18 A203 ..................................................................................................... 20 Kernel A268 ..................................................................................................... 22 large, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape H2 ......................................................................................................... 24 NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26 246 ........................................................................................................ 28 333 ........................................................................................................ 30 344 ........................................................................................................ 32 Key identifiers 508 ........................................................................................................ 34 660 ........................................................................................................ 36 long relatively narrow, spiny leaves 741 ........................................................................................................ 38 781 ........................................................................................................ 40 heavy flecking on shells 783 ........................................................................................................ 42 large nut 791 ........................................................................................................ 44 very dense tree when mature 800 ........................................................................................................ 46 late nut drop with a tendency to sticktights 814 ........................................................................................................ 48 light green leaf colour 816 ........................................................................................................ 50 842 ........................................................................................................ 52 849 ........................................................................................................ 54 Daddow ................................................................................................. 56 Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58 Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60 61 5 Introduction Notes A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing. The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is: • either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin; • in commercial use; • commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist. Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are not included. Layout The identifier consists of three sections: • The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit. • A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time. • Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate matching characteristics. Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old Leaf size is in scale throughout the book. Upper leaf surface is shown in all cases. Note: Tree, leaf and nut illustrations are derived from photos and have been selected as being most typical of the variety. Note that there will be some variation from these illustrations. Summary of main characteristics 62 3
