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Introduction Section 1: The Land Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary A study of the physical geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia reveals the relationship between humans and the physical environment, where seas and rivers help sustain life amidst rugged mountain ranges, dry plateaus, and some of Earth’s greatest deserts. Section 1: The Land Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environment. For thousands of years, people have depended on rivers for lifesustaining water in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, where deserts and mountains dominate the landscape. Section 2: Climate and Vegetation The physical environment affects people and their activities. In North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, lack of precipitation affects the region’s climates, vegetation, and human activities. The Land For thousands of years, people have depended on rivers for life-sustaining water in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, where deserts and mountains dominate the landscape. The Land • kum • phosphate • alluvial soil • wadi • shift • complex • revenue The Land A. Atlas Mountains B. Caucasus Mountains C. Arabian Peninsula D. Persian Gulf E. Sinai Peninsula F. Anatolia G. Dead Sea J. Nile River H. Caspian Sea K. Tigris River I. Aral Sea L. Euphrates River The Land The people of this region highly value which part of the surrounding environment? 0% D D. Rivers C C. Valleys B B. Mountains A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% 0% D. D A A. Deserts Landforms In North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, dramatic landforms can be found in a region dominated by deserts and mountains. • Earthquakes are common in this region. Landforms (cont.) • Mountains: – Atlas—Africa’s longest mountain range – Hejaz and Asir – Pontic and Taurus – Ararat – Caucasus – Zagros Landforms and Tectonic Activity Landforms (cont.) • Coastal Plains, Seas, and Peninsulas: – The agriculture base is rooted in fertile plains along the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. – Aral Sea – Dead Sea – Sinai Peninsula – Peninsula of Anatolia Which sea is much smaller due to a diversion of rivers for irrigation? A. Aral Sea B. Dead Sea C. Caspian Sea D. The Sea of Marmara 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C0% D C 0% D Water Systems For thousands of years, people have depended on the region’s rivers and fertile river valleys, where early civilizations thrived. • Major Rivers: – Nile—the world’s longest river; one of the cradles of civilization The Nile River Water Systems (cont.) – Tigris and Euphrates—the Tigris-Euphrates river valley was also a fertile area that supported early civilizations • Streambeds: – Many streams in arid North Africa and Southwest Asia flow only intermittently, and are susceptible to flash flooding. Which percentile of Egypt’s people live along the Nile river? A. 50% B. 70% C. 90% D. 100% 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Natural Resources Some of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia’s most abundant resources are important to the world economy. • Over 60% of the world’s known oil reserves lie beneath this region. • About 50% of the world’s known natural gas reserves are there as well. World Oil Reserves Natural Resources (cont.) • Minerals in the region: – Sulfur, sulfate – Phosphate – Chromium, gold, lead, manganese, and zinc – Iron ore, copper In 2000, oil prices were around $30 per barrel. By 2006, oil prices were trading at what amount per barrel? A. $37 A C. $45 B A. A B. B 0% C. 0% C 0% C B. $70 Climate and Vegetation In North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, lack of precipitation affects the region’s climates, vegetation, and human activities. Climate and Vegetation • oasis • cereal • pastoralism • define • annually • exposure Climate and Vegetation A. Sahara B. Rub′ al-Khali C. Kara-Kum Climate and Vegetation Which type of climate do you think most of this region experiences? A. Steppe 0% D C D. Tropical B C. Desert A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% 0% D. D A B. Highland Water and Climate Lack of water affects climate, natural vegetation, and human activities in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Water and Climate (cont.) • Two of the climates: – Desert Climate—50% of this region is desert area. • The Sahara—the largest desert in the world covers most of North Africa. • Rub′ al-Khali—largest area of sand – Steppe Climate What is an important way of life for people who live in a steppe climate? A. Pastoralism B. Farming C. Mining D. Fishing 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Midlatitude Regions Countries within the region’s midlatitudes benefit from rainfall in the Mediterranean, highland, and humid subtropical climates. • Exports: – Citrus fruits – Olives – Grapes Midlatitude Regions (cont.) • Tourism is also important to the economy. • Higher areas like the Caucasus Mountains have a highland climate. North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Natural Vegetation Midlatitude Regions (cont.) • Areas that receive a large amount of rainfall: – The North African coast near the Atlas Mountains – The coast of Oman – The foot of the Elburz Mountains – Batumi In areas where more than 14 inches of rain falls each year, which product can farmers raise without irrigation? A. Citrus fruits 0% D C D. Cranberries B C. Strawberries A. A B. B C.0% C0% 0% D. D A B. Cereals A. Atlas Mountains • Africa’s longest mountain range; reaches across Morocco and Algeria • Northern slopes have Mediterranean climate and support farming B. Aral Sea • Was the world’s fourth-largest inland sea • Began to dry up when the Soviet Union diverted water for irrigation • Water levels increased slightly after dams were built, ensuring flow of freshwater C. Anatolia • Surrounded by the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea • Together, the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus connect the Black and Aegean Seas. • Taurus Mountains located along southern part of peninsula D. Sahara • World’s largest desert; covers most of North Africa • Droughts have expanded the Sahara in recent decades E. Arabian Peninsula • Surrounded by Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf • Oil and natural gas reserves in eastern part of peninsula F. Nile River • World’s longest river • Area is home to one of the world’s earliest civilizations • More than 90 percent of Egypt’s population lives along the Nile Delta and Nile River on fertile land G. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Known as Mesopotamia, Greek for “land between two rivers” • Irrigation has supported farming for 7,000 years • Two rivers join in Iraq to form Shatt al Arab H. Natural Resources • Over 60 percent of the world’s known oil reserves are located in the region. • Some countries are investing in agriculture and fisheries to decrease their dependence on oil and mineral exports. • Countries with Mediterranean climates export citrus fruits, olives, and grapes. kum term for a desert in Central Asia alluvial soil rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by running water wadi in the desert, a stream bed that is dry except during a heavy rain phosphate natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers oasis small area in a desert where water and vegetation are found pastoralism the raising of livestock cereal any grain, such as barley, oats, or wheat, grown for food To navigate within this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide. Click the Return button to return to the main presentation. Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. Click the Help button to access this screen. Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show. Links to Maps in Motion, static maps and charts, and transparencies appear near the bottom of slides as they are relevant. Links to the Reference Atlas and Geography Online are located on the navigation bar of most screens. This slide is intentionally blank.