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Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks Key Ideas Three major categories of human health risk: – – – Historical vs Emerging infections – – physical biological chemical Plague, Malaria, Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Mad Cow, Bird Flu, West Nile Five Major Toxic Chemicals – – – – – Neurotoxins Carcinogens Teratogens Allergens Endocrine disruptors Key Ideas cont. Chemical concentration studies: – – – Chemical concentrations factors – – – – Dose-response Retrospective Prospective Routes Solubility Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Two philosophies of chemical regulation – – Innocent-until-proven-guilty Precautionary Leading causes of death in the world: Biological Risks _______________________ those caused by infectious agents, known as pathogens. Examples: pneumonia and venereal diseases Biological Risks Infectious diseases- those caused by infectious agents, known as pathogens. Examples: pneumonia and venereal diseases Biological Risks ________________ disease- slowly impairs the functioning of a person’s body. _________________ diseases- rapidly impair the functioning of a person’s body. Biological Risks Chronic disease- slowly impairs the functioning of a person’s body. Acute diseases- rapidly impair the functioning of a person’s body. ________________ Diseases Plague Malaria Tuberculosis Historical Diseases Plague Malaria Tuberculosis ____________________ Diseases HIV/AIDS Ebola Mad Cow Disease Bird Flu West Nile Virus Emergent Diseases HIV/AIDS Ebola Mad Cow Disease Bird Flu West Nile Virus Chemical Risks ______________________- the nervous system chemicals that disrupt Chemical Risks ____________________- cancer chemicals that cause Chemical Risks _____________________ - chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses Chemical Risks ________________ reactions - chemicals that cause allergic Chemical Risks _______________________ - chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body Chemical Risks Neurotoxins- chemicals that disrupt the nervous system (LEAD & MERCURY) Carcinogens- chemicals that cause cancer (ASBESTOS & RADON) Teratogens- chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses (ALCOHOL) Allergens- chemicals that cause allergic reactions (PEANUTS, MILK & MEDICINES) Endocrine disruptors- chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body (Bisphenol A - BPA) Dose-Response Studies ___________________- dose that kills 50% of the individuals ______________- dose that causes 50% of the animals to display the harmful but nonlethal effect Dose-Response Studies LD50- lethal dose that kills 50% of the individuals ED50- effective dose that causes 50% of the animals to display the harmful but nonlethal effect ______________________ - when two risks come together and cause more harm that one would. For example, the health impact of a carcinogen such as asbestos can be much higher if an individual also smokes tobacco. Synergistic interactions- when two risks come together and cause more harm that one would. For example, the health impact of a carcinogen such as asbestos can be much higher if an individual also smokes tobacco. Routes of Exposure _______________________- an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time Bioaccumulation bioaccumulation- an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time ___________________the increase in a chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain. Biomagnification Biomagnification- the increase in a chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain. ______________________- how long a chemical remains in the environment Persistence Persistence- how long a chemical remains in the environment This is known as:_____________ Risk Analysis ________________ Risk Assessment Making a judgment of the relative risks of various decisions – low, medium, or high Probability- the statistical likelihood of an event occurring and the probability of that event causing harm Qualitative Risk Assessment Making a judgment of the relative risks of various decisions Probability- the statistical likelihood of an event occurring and the probability of that event causing harm _______________ Risk Assessment The approach to conducting a ______________________ risk assessment is: Risk= probability of being exposed to a hazard X probability of being harmed if exposed Quantitative Risk Assessment The approach to conducting a quantitative risk assessment is: Risk = (probability of being exposed to a hazard) X (probability of being harmed if exposed) Probabilities of death in the United States In 2001, a group of 127 nations gathered in Stockholm, Sweden, to reach an agreement on restricting the global use of some chemicals 12 chemicals were to be banned, phased out, or reduced These include DDT, PCBs, and certain chemicals that are by-products of manufacturing processes. This is known as:_______________ Stockholm Convention In 2001, a group of 127 nations gathered in Stockholm, Sweden, to reach an agreement on restricting the global use of some chemicals 12 chemicals were to be banned, phased out, or reduced These include DDT, PCBs, and certain chemicals that are by-products of manufacturing processes.
