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Digestive System 15.1 Introduction Function: Consists of: alimentary canal and accessory organs 15.2 General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal Structure of the Wall of the Alimentary Canal 1. Mucosa (mucous membrane) – protects tissues, carries out ______________________ *Villi increase _______________________ 2. Submucosa - glands, vessels, nerves 3. Muscular layer – smooth muscle tissue, _______________ 4. Serosa (serous layer) – visceral peritoneum, outer covering, lubricates structures Movements of the Tube _____________________ Movements – rhythmic contractions that mix food with digestive juices _____________________ Movements – contract and relax to push food down the canal (PERISTALSIS) 15.3 Mouth Mouth – begins digestion by reducing size of particles (chewing) and mixing with saliva Tongue – moves food during chewing, connects to the floor of the mouth via the __________________________, contains papillae (taste buds) Palate – forms roof of oral cavity (hard and soft); ________________ at back of the mouth Palatine tonsils – back of the mouth/throat, organs that protect against infection. What is tonsillitis? Teeth – primary vs. secondary teeth; Label: incisors, cuspids, bicuspids (premolars), molars Anatomy of a Tooth Crown – projects above the gums Root – anchored to the alveolar process of the jaw Enamel – made of calcium salts, hardest substance in body (outer surface) Dentin – similar to bone, surrounds tooth’s central cavity Blood vessels and nerves extend through the tooth via the root canal Describe a root canal. What are wisdom teeth? Why do they often need to be removed? 15.4 Salivary Glands Serous cells produce ____________________ – splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides Mucous cells produce mucus for lubrication during ___________________________ 15.5 Pharynx and Esophagus Pharynx – nasal and oral cavities - nasopharynx, oropharynx, ______________________________ Esophagus – moves to the stomach, penetrates the diaphragm at the esophageal _________________ Esophageal sphincter (____________________ sphincter) - prevent food and chemicals from moving up out of stomach 15.6 Stomach Four regions of the stomach 1. ____________________(esophageal opening, cardiac sphincter) 2. Fundic (temporary storage area, lies slightly above the cardiac region) 3. Body (central area of the stomach) 5. ___________________(pyloric sphincter, controls emptying of the stomach into the sm. intestine) Stomach Lining: _______________ prevents stomach from digesting itself Glands secrete gastric juices for breakdown of food (pepsin) ___________________ – paste of food molecules after its been broken down ; it is released from the pyloric sphincter valve into the first portion of the small intestine – duodenum ____________________ – folds within the stomach, increase surface area 15.7 Pancreas Secretes insulin - breakdown of _______________________ | Pancreatic juice – digests ____________________ Both empty into the _______________________________ 15.8 Liver - has large right and small left lobe BILIARY SYSTEM – functions to create_____________ used in digestion; liver, gall bladder and ducts The cystic duct comes from the ________________ | hepatic duct comes from the ____________________ Both ducts join to form the ________________________ which empties into the __________________ Liver Functions: maintains blood glucose, breakdown of lipids and fats, protein metabolism, stores iron and vitamins, destroys damaged red blood cells, removes toxic substances, secretes bile Bile – yellowish-green liquid aids in digestion, break down of fat What is jaundice? 15.9 Small Intestine *Main function is the ________________ of nutrients. 1. Duodenum - first part of the small intestine 2. Jejunum – second part, ~2.2 m 3. Ilium – third part, longest ~3.3 m *jejunum and ileum are continuous _____________________ – supports the coils of the small intestine, contains blood vessels to carry nutrients away Greater __________________ – (peritoneum) curtain-like membrane that drapes like an apron over parts of the system Intestinal Villi – increase surface area for absorption 15.10 Large Intestine 1. ________________ – start of the large intestine, attached appendix 2. Colon – ascending / transverse / descending / sigmoid 3. ________________– stores waste before it is expelled from the body 4. Anus -muscular sphincter which controls the exit of waste Functions –re-absorbs water and passes along material that was not digested; contains intestinal flora (bacteria to break down cellulose) What is its main job? ________________________________ Mass movements – large portions of the colon contract to move material through it, usually after eating (defecation) What is the Bristol Stool Chart? Disorders of the Digestive System 1. GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) / Heartburn 2. Diarrhea or Dysentery ( c. diff) 3. Hepatitis (A, B, C) 4. Crohn’s Disease / Irritable Bowel Syndrome 5. Stomach Ulcers 6. Lactose Intolerance 7. Appendicitis 8. Hernia 9. Gallstones 10. Celiac Disease 11. Obesity / Gastric Bypass 12. Colon Cancer / Colonoscopy