Download The Body`s Physical Systems

The Body’s Physical Systems
Chapter 2
1
The Neuron
2
Neural Communication
3
Neural Communication
Neurotransmitter
molecule
Receptor site on
receiving neuron
Receiving cell
membrane
Agonist mimics
Neurotransmitter
effects
Antagonist
blocks
Neurotransmitter
effects
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CNS: Forebrain
Corpus callosum

Telencephalon



Limbic System
Cerebrum
Diencephalon

Thalamus &
Hypothalamus
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The Limbic System
7
Brain stem
8
The Cerebral Cortex
9
The Nervous System
Nervous
system
Central
(brain and
spinal cord)
Peripheral
Autonomic (controls
self-regulated action of
internal organs and glands)
Skeletal (controls
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
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Sympathetic Nervous system
11
Parasympathetic Nervous System
12
The Endocrine System
13
The Digestive
System
14
The Digestive System Disorders

Peptic Ulcers


sores usually in the duodenum
Hepatitis

Viral inflammation of the liver
Cirrhosis
 Cancer

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Metabolism
Basal Metabolic Rate
 Exercise Metabolic Rate
 Dietary Thermogenesis

16
The Cardiovascular System

Heart

Myocardium


Atria and Ventricles
Blood and Blood Flow
http://www.innerbody.com/image/card02.html
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Blood Pressure

Systole & Diastole


Systolic: max force from  contraction
Diastolic: pressure between 
contractions

Fluid Dynamics





Cardiac output
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance
Elasticity of vessels
Viscosity of blood
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Blood Pressure

Other factors that affect BP




Emotions: SNS
Environmental Temperature
Activity levels
Hypertension


<140 mmHg systolic, <90 mmHg diastolic
Risk factors





family Hx
body weight
age
gender
race
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Diseases of the
Cardiovascular System
Atherosclerosis
 Ateriosclerosis
 Myocardial Infarction
 Angina Pectoris
 Stroke
 Aneurism

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Immune System

Organs of the immune system

lymphocytes: white blood cells

from lymphatic or lymphoid organs:






bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
originate in bone marrow, migrate to thymus,
mature into leukocytes
lymph nodes capture antigens and hold
lymphocytes
 lymph vessels ultimately empty into blood supply
 can spread cancer cells

spleen filters blood
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Soldiers of the Immune System


White blood cells

phagocytes: nonspecific immunity
 macrophages and monocytes

lymphocytes: respond to specific antigens
T-cells: cell-mediated immunity




Killer T cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells
Suppressor T cells
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Soldiers of the Immune System

B-cells: antibody-mediated immunity


B-cells become plasma cells which produce
antibodies (immunoglobulins - Ig)
 Ig’s attach to antigen and identify it for
destruction
Memory B-cells
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The Immune Response
 Primary
vs. Secondary Response
 First lines of defense


skin
mucous membranes of respiratory and
digestive tracts
 Next: non-specific and specific
immune processes

phagocytes, B-cells, helper T-cells
destroy antigen
 Finally: killer T-cells destroy
invaded cells
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Auto-immune Diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis: joints
 Rheumatic fever: heart muscle
 Multiple Sclerosis: myelin
 Lupus erythematosus: skin and kidneys
 Narcolepsy: “sleep attacks”

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