Download attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

Race - Categories of people set apart from others because of socially defined physical characteristics, such as:
*RACE IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED**
Ethnicity - Categories of people set apart from others because of cultural, religious, or national characteristics
– Language -- Different Beliefs - Key Questions: _________________________________
Prejudice - Widely held negative attitudes toward a group (minority or majority) and its individual members
– Strong emotions; difficult to change
Racism - An extreme form of prejudice that assumes superiority of one group over others
• Assumes own race/ethnicity is superior = Beliefs are “Justified” because of natural superiority
Discrimination - Treating people differently based on ethnicity, race, religion, or culture
– Involves ACTING upon prejudiced/racists thoughts
• Avoiding social contact with members of judged groups
• Denying positions of authority
• Blocking access to more exclusive neighborhoods
• EXTREMES - Hate Crimes
– Attacks or killing targeted groups
Minority Groups - A group of people with physical or cultural traits different from those of the dominant group in the
society
– Dominated by the majority
• Unequal share of goods, services, and privileges
• Presumed to be inferior
Scapegoat - A weak, convenient, and socially approved target ; often a minority
– Present when people cannot pinpoint the source of their problems
• Direct anger towards target
– Targeted individual/group shoulder the blame and pay terrible penalties for “causing”
society’s ills
Cultural Pluralism - Racial and ethnic groups cooperate while still retaining their distinctive identities and lifestyles
– Reflects desires of minority groups to cooperate with others, yet preserve their distinctive cultural
heritages – Theory of American society: “Tossed Salad”
Assimilation
• A process by which minority groups lose their distinctive identities and conform to cultural patterns of the
dominant group
– Encouraged or required to adopt dominant culture – example: “Melting Pot”
Theoretical Perspectives on Race
Functionalist – dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorities
Conflict – interests perpetuate racial inequality through economic exploitation
Interactionist – cooperative interracial contacts can reduce hostility
Sociological Distinctions of Sex & Gender
– Sex  Biological  We are Male or Female
– Ascribed status
– Gender  Social, cultural, and psychological  Masculine or Feminine
– Achieved status
Social Construction of Gender
Masculine
Feminine
Patriarchy – a form of social organization in which males dominate females
MATRIARCHY - SOCIAL DOMINANCE BY WOMEN
SEXISM = BELIEF THAT ONE SEX OR THE OTHER IS INNATELY INFERIOR OR SUPERIOR
– UNTOLD LOSSES WHEN CONSIDERING HOW MUCH TALENT HAS BEEN LOCKED OUT
IT STARTS IN THE FAMILY
• SELECTIVE ABORTION  indicates SOCIAL VALUE AND DEATH
– IS IT A BOY OR GIRL? - COLOR-CODING GENDER
– HANDLING OF CHILDREN - BE A GOOD “LITTLE MAN”
• “IT’S OK TO BE A TOM-BOY”
– WHY WOULDN’T A GIRL WANT TO BE A BOY?
– BUT, WHAT IF A BOY ACTS TOO MUCH LIKE A GIRL?
Gender Stereotypes (Stereotype = oversimplified conceptions)
• These stereotypes are NOT universal. They Vary: ________________________________________________
•
Gender Role
- attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
INEQUALITY
• 60%+ OF ALL WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE HOME
• ½ of women: ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT AND SERVICE SECTOR
• ON AVERAGE, WOMEN EARN 77 CENTS FOR EVERY DOLLAR EARNED BY MEN (2012) - LARGELY DUE TO TYPE
OF WORK DONE
• “GLASS CEILING” – barrier that keeps women from reaching highest positions of leadership
• RECENTLY, 20% OF RICHEST AMERICANS IDENTIFIED BY FORBES WERE WOMEN
Feminism - Feminism - advocacy of social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.
Sociological Theories on Gender
Functionalist – gender differentiation contributes to social stability
Conflict – Gender inequality is rooted in the female-male power relationship
Interactionist – Gender distinctions are reflected in people’s everyday behavior
Race - Categories of ___________ set apart from others because of ________ defined physical characteristics, such
as:
*RACE IS SOCIALLY ___________ **
Ethnicity - ___________ of people set apart from others because of cultural, _________, or national characteristics
– Language -- Different Beliefs - Key Questions: _________________________________
Prejudice - Widely held ___________ attitudes toward a group (minority or majority) and its individual members
–
Strong emotions; ___________ to change
Racism - An extreme form of ___________ that assumes superiority of one group over others
•
Assumes own ____/ethnicity is superior = Beliefs are “_____________” because of natural
superiority
Discrimination - ___________ people differently based on ethnicity, race, religion, or ___________
–
Involves ___________ upon prejudiced/racists ___________
•
Avoiding ___________ contact with members of judged groups
•
Denying positions of ___________
•
Blocking access to ___________ /privileges (ex: 1950’s ___________)
•
EXTREMES - Hate ___________
– Attacks or killing targeted groups
Minority Groups - A group of people with physical or ___________ traits different from those of the ___________
group in the society - Dominated by the majority
•
•
___________ share of goods, services, and ___________
Presumed to be inferior
Scapegoat - A weak, ___________, and socially ___________ target ; often a minority
–
Present when people cannot ___________ the source of their problems
•
Direct ___________ towards target
–
Targeted individual/group shoulder the blame and pay terrible ___________ for
“causing” society’s ills
Cultural Pluralism - Racial and ethnic groups ___________ while still retaining their distinctive identities and lifestyles
–
Reflects desires of ___________ groups to cooperate with others, yet preserve their ___________
cultural heritages – Theory of American society: “___________ Salad”
Assimilation - A process by which minority groups ________ their distinctive identities and ___________ to cultural
patterns of the ___________ group
– Encouraged or required to adopt ___________ culture – example: “Melting Pot”
Theoretical Perspectives on Race
Functionalist – dominant ___________ benefits from the subordination of ___________ minorities
Conflict –vested interests perpetuate racial ___________ through ___________ exploitation
Interactionist – ___________ interracial contacts can reduce ___________
Sociological Distinctions of Sex & Gender
–
Sex  ___________  We are Male or Female
•
___________ status
– Gender  Social, ___________, and ___________  Masculine or Feminine
• ___________ status
Social Construction of Gender
Masculine
Feminine
Patriarchy – a form of social organization in which ___________ dominate females
MATRIARCHY - SOCIAL DOMINANCE BY ___________
SEXISM = BELIEF THAT ONE SEX OR THE OTHER IS INNATELY ___________ OR SUPERIOR
– UNTOLD LOSSES WHEN CONSIDERING HOW MUCH TALENT HAS BEEN LOCKED OUT
IT STARTS IN THE FAMILY
•
•
•
___________ ABORTION  indicates SOCIAL VALUE AND DEATH
IS IT A BOY OR GIRL? - COLOR-___________ GENDER
– HANDLING OF CHILDREN - BE A GOOD “LITTLE ___________”
“IT’S OK TO BE A ___________”
– WHY WOULDN’T A GIRL WANT TO BE A ___________?
–
BUT, WHAT IF A BOY ACTS TOO MUCH LIKE A GIRL?
Gender Stereotypes (Stereotype = oversimplified ___________)
• These stereotypes are NOT universal. They Vary: ________________________________________________
•
Gender Role
- attitudes and ___________ that a society links to each sex
INEQUALITY
•
•
•
_________ OF ALL WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE HOME
½ of women: ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT AND ___________ SECTOR
ON AVERAGE, WOMEN EARN _____ CENTS FOR EVERY DOLLAR EARNED BY MEN (2012) - LARGELY DUE TO
TYPE OF WORK DONE
•
“______ CEILING” – barrier that keeps women from reaching highest positions of ___________ in gov’t and
corporate world
Feminism - advocacy of social ___________ for men and women, in opposition to ___________ and sexism.