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STRATIFICATION BY RACE, ETHNICITY, & GENDER WEEK SIX RACE • Category of people who share biologically transmitted traits • No complete or universal way to classify many biological differences in humans • In this sense, race is a myth • Thus, in the sense of one race being ETHNICITY • A shared cultural heritage (or national origin) • Race and ethnicity go ‘hand in hand’ • How do race and ethnicity differ? • Race refers to inherited biological traits; ethnicity to cultural ones • Ethnic groups identify with one another on basis of common ancestry & cultural heritage MINORITY GROUP • People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination • Either physical (racial) or cultural (ethnic) differences can be the basis of the unequal treatment • Does not necessarily mean that a minority group is a numerical minority DOMINANT GROUP • Sociologists refer to those who “do the discriminating” not as the majority, but as the dominant group • Dominant group has greater power, more privileges, and higher social status PREJUDICE • From Latin term, “praejudicium,” which means “prejudgment” • Negative & persistent judgment • Based on scant or incorrect information about people in a group • Involves beliefs and attitudes • Negative or hostile attitude toward a person because s/he belongs to a particular group STEREOTYPES • Prejudice is sustained by stereotypes • Oversimplified generalized images about members of a particular group DISCRIMINATION • Prejudice and stereotypes involve attitudes and beliefs • Discrimination involves behavior PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS • • • • • • • Beginning with the least humane, they are: Genocide: deliberate killing of entire people Expulsion: “forced relocation” Amalgamation: A+B+C=D Assimilation: A+B+C=A Segregation: physical separation Pluralism: A+B+C=A+B+C GENDER STRATIFICATION • Sex, Gender, and Stratification • Sex • A biological term referring to ascribed physical differences between males and females • A determination made through the application of socially accepted physical criteria • Gender • Gender: socially constructed notions of masculinity and femininity • Gender identity: how individuals form their identity using gender categories • Gender roles: commonly assigned tasks or expected behaviors linked to an individual’s sex-determined statuses • Transgender: the identity of someone who is challenging or changing the gender they were assigned at birth GENDER STRATIFICATION • • • • Glass ceiling Sticky floor Glass escalator The workplace itself is gendered SOCIETAL COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER STRATIFICATION • Stratification has consequences for all social institutions worldwide: • Poor educational achievement of female children • Loss of talents, resources of half of the population • Lack of health care impacts women and their children • Social divisiveness can lead to alienation, hostility • In occupations and professions: • Men “take gender privilege with them” • Women take disprivilege, which lowers their positions and wages GENDERED ORGANIZATIONS AND WORK • Workplaces have a gender configuration: the ratio of men to women affects work experiences • Some workplaces are supportive of workers’ family responsibilities; others are not • This impacts women more than men; according to dominant gender expectations women must balance work and family needs, while men are seen primarily as workers INTERSECTION OF RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER • Class, race, and gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others, though most women are still subordinate to most men • Despite intersections, women are a “minority group” subject to stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination