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Chapter 6 Crusades and Culture
in the Middle Ages p. 105
Since the 5th century, the popes of the
Catholic Church had claimed supremacy over
the affairs of the Church. They had also
gained control over territories in central Italy
that came to be known as the Papal States.
This control kept the popes involved in
political matters often at the expense of their
spiritual duties.
Lay investiture- non church members
choosing church officials and giving them the
symbols of their office. That way they had a
vassal duty to their lord.
Pope Gregory VII wanted the church to be
free to appoint its own clergy and run its own
affairs.
The furious young German emperor, Henry IV,
immediately called a meeting of the German
bishops he had appointed. With their approval,
the emperor ordered Gregory to step down from
the papacy. Gregory then excommunicated
Henry. The struggle between Henry the IV and
Gregory VII was known as the Investiture
Controversy. (standing in the snow for 3 days)
Afterwards, German bishops and princes sided
with the pope. To save his throne, Henry tried
to win the pope's forgiveness.
The successors of Gregory and Henry
continued to fight over lay investiture until
1122.
That year, representatives of the Church and
the emperor met in the German city of Worms
(wurms). They reached a compromise known
as the Concordat of Worms.
By its terms, the Church alone could appoint a
bishop, but the emperor could veto the
appointment.
Medieval Christians' everyday lives were harsh.
Still, they could all follow the same path to
salvation-everlasting life in heaven. Priests and
other clergy administered the sacraments, or
important religious ceremonies. These rites paved
the way for achieving salvation.
•Baptism
Holy Orders
Confirmation
Matrimony
Eucharist
Last Rites
Penance
Popes used the threat of excommunication, or
banishment from the Church, to wield power
over political rulers.
If an excommunicated king continued to disobey
the pope, the pope, in turn, could use an even
more frightening weapon, the interdict.
Under an interdict, forbids a priest from giving
the sacraments to a certain group of people (for
instance anyone living in the land of a
disobedient king). As Christians, the kings
subjects believed that without such sacraments
they might be doomed to hell.
Section 1 Review
1. What was the struggle between Henry the IV
and Gregory VII known as?
2. What is the Lay Investiture?
3. What forbids priests from giving the
sacraments to a certain group of people?
.