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Transcript
Introduction: Epidemic Contagious Anti-biotic immunity Terminology and Information: Pandemic Bacterium Zoonotic Communicable diseases. Pestilence Virus Epidemiologists DNA Endemic Vaccination Hemorrhagic Pathogen Vaccine Ring a ring a rosie A pocket full of posies Atishoo… Atishoo… We all fall down...." "Ring around the roses" was not always a child’s song; it deals with one of the most terrifying periods of medical history. In the period in the mid 1300’s Asia, Africa and Europe were devastated by a variety of Bubonic Plague, from the bacterium Yersins Pestis, hosted by fleas and carried on Black Rats. These black rats moved along trade routes and as the rats died ( yes animals can get the Plague!) and the fleas moved to new warm blooded hosts - The result was approximately 25 million deaths in Europe alone… about 1/3 of the population. There were limitations to the disease – cold either through latitude or altitude discouraged the rats. The virulent nature of the “Black Death” makes modern epidemiologists believe that this may have been a combination of Bubonic Plague and a Hemorrhagic fever, such as Ebola. The most likely source was in China… certainly deaths were recorded there as early as the 1830’s, however, until recent times the origins of pandemics is often unknown. Source: http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/ig/Spread-of-the-Black-Death/msAsiaBDa.htm This map shows the spread of the disease across Europe at this time. http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/ churchhistory220/LectureTen/ BlackDeathSpread.htm This was not the first pandemic. Some other pandemics are: ONGOING HIV/AIDS, Influenza, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Measles, Leprosy, Yellow Fever, Malaria SPECIFIC Plague of Athens 430 BCE Antonine Plague 165-180 Plague of Justinian 541-542 Spanish Flu 1919 SARS 2003 A comprehensive list is at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics Task To help protect the world, and by adopting a role, you will become a specialist in one aspect of PANDEMICS. With the knowledge you gain from your research you will inform the rest of your team. Your team will need to decide how best to present its findings and initiatives in relation to a specific conclusion (also known as “the big question”). Refer to Conclusions below for your team’s big question. Process 1 In your teams choose individual roles (noting not all roles need to be covered by each team): You may be: A Historian of Pandemics Director of the World Health Organization Director of a US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Director of Medecins Sans Frontiers Minister for Health in Singapore Minister for Health in Australia A School Principal A Specialist in one or two specific infectious diseases, such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. Malaria Viral haemorrhagic fevers (for example, Ebola) Pandemic Influenza Emerging diseases (e.g. nodding disease) The following questions may help you focus on what your role would need to cover: How does a person contract this disease? Where did the disease originate? What are the symptoms of the disease? Is there a cure or a vaccine? What other ways can you prevent getting the disease? What are a person’s chances of survival if they have contracted the disease? How does a doctor diagnose the disease? Will blood be drawn or other tests conducted? How long will the patient remain sick? Is there a treatment to ease symptoms? What are the local traditions and behaviours regarding disease? What medicines and equipment are needed? Is there any impediment to treating the disease? Who funds the treatment? How is treatment carried out? How is the disease spread on an international scale? How is the disease controlled on an international scale? The International dimension of pandemics has another whole set of questions to consider…. How do we protect health care workers (in the current outbreak of Ebola in West Africa over 125 health care worker have died)? How do we carry out “forward defense” with disease? How do we fund the enormous cost of tracking and preventing the spread of pandemics? Who should be in charge? WHO? What powers should they have? How much should we rely on the expertise of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) like Medecins Sans Frontiers? Should countries do this rather than private organisations? Please note: the above lists of questions are indicative only. Once each team has decided upon appropriate roles after considering its “big question”, each team member needs to prepare for and conduct his/her own research. A note on The Developing World Epidemics are especially dangerous in third world countries where poverty, hunger and malnutrition have always been the greatest challenges. Lack of agricultural productivity, and basic health care, although improving, has been badly affected by terrorism and religious/cultural extremism and the absorption of funds from governments, to military purposes. In the same way, treatments for EPIDEMICS like Ebola have moved funds away from chronic pandemic diseases like Malaria. In turn these diseases reduce the conditions of people living in those countries. These epidemics/ pandemic diseases are responsible for 50% of the overall deaths in those countries. In poor nations, the death and disability caused by these diseases are currently at 40% of the population. These are often communicable diseases. The main reasons people die of diseases are the lack of basic education, health and nutrition, clean water, and sanitation. These problems have affected every developing nation to its core. It is calculated that Malaria reduces a country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by 6% per annum. Conclusion Towards the end of this quest, as an expert in the area/role you studied, you will share your understanding with the other members of your team. Your team will know how its focused diseases are transmitted from person to person, how a person can prevent getting each disease, and what treatments are available to those who contract them. You will also be aware of the history of the diseases. Your team then needs to collaborate, conclude and present: Team 1: Can we ever defeat Pandemics and are we likely to ever suffer another Black Death? Team 2: What should Australia and Singapore do to protect their citizens (including their assigned health care workers) from emerging and re-emerging epidemics/pandemics, while responsibly supporting international responses to major outbreaks? Team 3: What are the biggest challenges, with respect to Pandemics, faced by the global stakeholder organisations (WHO, Centre for Disease Control, …) in the coming decades and how should they address those challenges? Your team needs to consider how it can convey its key findings and initiatives to the proposed audience of AHS students, IGS/AHS teachers and of course your IGS/AHS colleagues on the program. This has previously been achieved via informative and engaging role-playing presentations. Priority Research - http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/ - http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21576375-new-viruses-emergechina-and-middle-east-world-poorly-prepared (H7N9 – latest outbreak) - http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/12/deadly-disease-modern-global-epidemic Useful Websites – a starting point only! Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/plagues-pandemics-and-ebola/5713746 Communicable Disease and Immunization Index Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section Infectious Facts http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/ World Health Organization (W.H.O) http://www.who.int http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/ http://www.biologycorner.com/quests/outbreak/diseaselist.html http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-pandemic-influenza.htm Film - Underground Rome (Antonine Plague) http://www.theage.com.au/world/south-korea-races-to-contain-mers-virus-outbreak-with-two-dead-and1300-quarantined-20150603-ghg8y0.html Foreign Correspondent - The Clinic - Published: 12/08/2014 , The Polio Emergency - Published: 27/05/2014 and Into the Hot Zone - Published: 26/08/2014 http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/archives_2014.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTHuOUPeLzw (SARS) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic http://www.livescience.com/12951-10-infectious-diseases-ebola-plague-influenza.html