Download Black Dath in England

Работу выполнили ученики 9а:
Дмитриев Дмитрий
Арсен Левонян
Учитель : К.С. Куманицына

Black Death was a bubonic
plague pandemic, which
reached England in 1348,
and killed perhaps half the
population, dying down in
1349. It was the first and
most severe manifestation of
the Second Pandemic,
caused by the Yersinia
pestis bacteria.

Originating in China, it spread west along the trade routes across
Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province
of Gascony. The plague seems to have been spread by infected rats,
as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats
were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat
and flea was the primary vector.

Although historical records for England were more extensive
than those of any other European country, it is still extremely
difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty.
Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total
population, as described above, but also issues regarding the
proportion of the population that died from the plague.
Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating
numbers as high as 90%. Modern historians give estimates of
death rates ranging from around 25% to over 60% of the total
population.

Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England
was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The
medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of
socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading
morals instead. The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a
sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion. In
1349, King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers, fixing wages at
pre-plague levels. The ordinance was reinforced by parliament's passing
of the Statute of Labourers in 1351.The labour laws were enforced with
ruthless determination over the following decades.