* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Growth types – Climbing plants
Plant tolerance to herbivory wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Venus flytrap wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Growth types – Climbing plants Horticulturally, a vine is a trailing or climbing plant. It can be herbaceous or woody. Botanically, herbaceous climbers are called vines and woody climbers are called lianas (sometimes liane). Pea (Pisum) is a herbaceous vine. Back to plant growth form menu Next Honeysuckle (Lonicera) is a woody vine (liana). Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Climbing plants are found in over 100 different plant families – mostly dicots. There is an advantage to the climbing plant that puts less resources into its structure and more into active growth. Climbing also provides greater access to light compared to plants that live on the canopy floor. English ivy (Hedera helix) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants The support plant used by climbing plants can suffer from being smothered by aggressive climbers or strangled (girdled) by twining climbers. Smothering vine Girdling vine Clockvine (Thunbergia) covering vegetation in Hawaii. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Honeysuckle (Lonicera) girdling a woody tree. Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Dodder takes even more resources from the host plant it climbs. Dodder is a parasitic vine that penetrates the host’s stem with haustorial roots. Dodder growth is dependent on nutrients taken from the host plant. Dodder (Cuscuta) Haustorial roots Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Climbing plants usually produce long stems that are often vigorous and fast growing. Left unattended they can cover plants and manmade structures very quickly. This has led to wonderful common names such as “mile-a–minute plant”. Burr cucumber (Sycios) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Aggressive climbing plants are some of the worst exotic invasive, non-native plants. One of the worst is kudzu. It has earned its nickname as “the vine that ate the south”, because of how rapidly it covers plants and structures in the southeastern United States. Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants When a support is not available, vines will trail along the ground often producing adventitious roots on the stem that root into the soil. Vines can also root in one area and colonize areas without soil such as rock outcroppings where there is no competition for sunlight. Winter creeper (Euonymus fortunei ) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next English ivy (Hedera helix) Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tropical woody vines are always referred to as a liana. Bauhinia They are vigorous growers, climbing to reach available sunlight. Bauhinia Tropical lianas can form large woody stems that are often flattened and twisted. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Most vines are flowering plants, but there are a few ferns that are vines. Lygodium japonicum Lygodium palmatum Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Dicranopteris is a tropical fern that climbs by scrambling over adjacent vegetation. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Selaginella are also among the few non- flowering plants that climb. It scrambles over rocks and competing vegetation by producing long arching stems. Selaginella wildenovii Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Vines climb and attach to supports in a number of ways including active and passive mechanisms: Active mechanisms Twining stems Tendrils Adventitious roots Passive mechanisms Spines or thorns Sprawling or rambling Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Twining stems Twining stems have no special morphological adaptations for climbing. They simply coil their stems around a support. Morning glory (Ipomoea) Hops (Humulus) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Twining stems Plants of a particular species will usually twine in the same direction – either clockwise or counter clockwise. Counter clockwise Clockwise Wisteria Bean (Phaseolus) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Twining stems Many plants with twining stems “sense” their supports and actively twine around them. This process is referred to as thigmotropism. Silver vine (Actinidia polygama) Hops (Humulus) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Twining stems In other climbing plants, the stems twine around structures but are less responsive to the “touch” of the structure. Bowiea is a good example of this growth where the twining habit is less obvious. The highly branched stems tend to drape over and around the support structure as the plant grows and twines. Bowiea Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils Tendrils are clasping structures used to support climbing plants. They can be derived from modified: Stems Leaves Leaf Parts Inflorescences Grape ivy (Cissus ) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified stems Cucumber produces coiled tendrils that are modified stems that curl around an attachment to support the main stem. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified stems Each end of a passionflower tendril curls and tightens in opposite directions drawing the stem closer to the support. Counter clockwise Clockwise Passionflower (Passiflora) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified stems Virginia creeper produces a branched tendril ending in a specialized disc that cements the tendril to a solid support. After attachment, the tendril tightens its coils to bring the stem closer to the support. Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified leaves Gloriosa is an example of a modified leaf where the tip functions as a tendril to attach to supports. Gloriosa superba Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified leaves In a similar fashion, the leaf tip of the tropical pitcher plant produces extended growth that functions as a tendril. Ultimately the tip becomes the modified pitcher. Tendril clasping a support to support the pitcher. Tendril Tendril Pitcher Pitcher Pitcher Tropical pitcher plant (Nepenthes) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified compound leaves In sweet pea, the terminal leaflets of the compound leaf are converted to tendrils. Tendril leaflets Photosynthetic leaflet pair Stipules Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified compound leaves In some Clematis, the petiole or rachis portion of the compound leaf functions as the clasping tendril. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified inflorescence The flowering stem can also be modified to function as tendrils. Flowers Flowers Clasping flower stem Clasping flower stem Ampelopsis Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Tendrils - Modified inflorescence In grape (Vitis), a tendril is associated with the inflorescence that will eventually provide support for the fruit cluster. Clasping tendril Flowers Tendril on a grape inflorescence. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Adventitious roots Vines may also use adventitious roots that form along the stem to attach to a support. Poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Climbing hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala petiolaris) Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Below are three examples of vines that climb using adventitious roots. Each is in a diverse family. Developing an ecological adaptation in different family groups is an example of convergent evolution. Dischidia Arrowhead vine (Syngonium) Araceae Back to plant growth form menu Apocynaceae Back Next Selenicereus Cactaceae Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Adventitious roots Adventurous roots in vanilla are interesting because they can either cling or wrap around the support depending on the size of the plant it is climbing. Vanilla (Vanillum ) Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Passive climbing mechanisms A second way plants climb are through passive mechanisms. These include: Spines or thorns Tendril Sprawling or rambling Spine Cissus quadrangulata actually displays both an active climbing system (tendrils) and a passive system using spines along the stem. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Cissus Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Spines or thorns Elephant’s foot (Dioscorea macrostachya) produces a spine on stems emerging from the basal caudex. The spine helps to grab nearby rocks or plants to aid in the vines initial climbing. Later, the stems twine as they climb over nearby neighboring plants. Spine Spine Caudex Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Spines or thorns Asparagus falcatus is another scrambling vine that uses spines as a climbing support. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Spines or thorns Pereskia aculeata is an unusual cactus that produces true broad leaf foliage. It is a scrambling vine that uses claw-like spines to climb. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Spines or thorns Bougainvillea is a good example of a scrambling vine the uses thorns emerging from the leaf axil to gain a foothold as it scrambles over supports. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Scrambling and rambling Plants considered to be scrambling or rambling are shrubs rather than vines. Climbing roses are a good example. They produce long arching branches that tend to lay over adjacent plants. Thorns (actually prickles) aid in scrambling, but plants need tying to adhere to a vertical support. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Scrambling and rambling Raspberries and blackberries (Rubus) are also scrambling plants. Again, the stem prickles aid in the scrambling habit, but do not attach the stem to a support. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Scrambling and rambling Winter jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum) is an example of a rambling shrub. It has no specialized climbing organs, but the arching stems spread around and through adjacent plants. The botanical term for climbing without specialized organs is called scandent. Back to plant growth form menu Back Next Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu Growth types – Climbing plants Scrambling and rambling Allamanda is often commercially sold as a vine, but it is actually a rambling scandent shrub. Back to plant growth form menu Back Back to vegetative parts main menu Main menu