Download Minerals - Rocks

Minerals & Rocks
I. Minerals are –
1. __________________________ occurring.
2. Inorganic- No organic matter; ___________________________________________________________
or the remains of living things.
3. Solid - ______________________________________________________________ definite _______________
4. Definite____________________________________________________________________
5. Definite ___________________________________________________________________
a) Examples:
(1) Graphite - ________________________________________
(2) Sulfur - __________________________________________
(3) Talc - ____________________________________________
A. Chemical Composition:
1. Minerals are classified into 2 major classes.
a) __________________________________________– minerals that have silicon and oxygen
groupings; __________________.
(1) combined __________________ one or more __________________________.
 Talc - Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
(2) Largest group of minerals
(a) ______________________ the earth's __________________.
b) ____________-Silicate – minerals that ________________________________________________
(1) ____________________________________ into several other classes
(a) native ________________________________ - gold, sulfur, silver
(b) __________________________________ - galena, pyrite
(c) __________________________________ - gypsum
(d) __________________________________ - hematite, magnetite
(e) __________________________________ - halite, fluorite
(f) _________________________________- calcite, dolomite
(2) Extremely rare; 8% of the Earth's crust
(3) Few are relatively common, such as calcite.
B. Crystal Structure:
1. A minerals _______________________________________________________________________________
2. Atoms and molecules are arranged in ____________________________________________
geometric ________________________.
3.
_________ basic crystal systems/patterns
a) ______________________/ isometric: Galena, Halite, Pyrite
b) _______________________________: Chalcopyrite
c) _______________________________: Quartz, Calcite
d) _________________________________: Olivine, Topaz
e) __________________________________: Mica, Gypsum
f) __________________________________: Feldspar, Turquoise
4. Minerals form when…
a) Lava or __________________ cools to ___________________________________________
b) Water ______________________________ and leaves minerals behind.
c) _______________________ becomes supersaturated with mineral particles;
______________________________ will ______________________________ out of the water and
________________________________ as a precipitate.
C. Identifying Minerals: pg _______ of ESRT
1. Minerals can be ________________________________________ their physical and chemical
________________________________________________.
a) Physical Properties:
Color
____________________
___________________
Cleavage
___________________
Density
b) Chemical Properties: ______________________________________________________ mineral

_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Color: Not a reliable property; some minerals ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
a) Color may _____________________ due to
(1) Natural _________________________________________________
(2) Weathering; ____________________________________________________________
b) Malachite - _________________________________________
c) Quartz – ________________________________________________________________
d) Sulfur - ____________________________________________
e) Hematite – _________________________________________________________
3. Streak: The color of a mineral in its _______________________________________.
a) Determined by using a ______________________________________
(1) Quartz - _____________________
(2) Hematite - ____________________
4. Luster: The way a mineral _______________________________________________________________
a) Metallic – Reflects light like a _____________________________________________
(1) _________________________________________________
b) Nonmetallic – Reflects light in more subtle ways
(1) Pearly - ___________________________
(2) _______________________ - Quartz
(3) Dull/____________________ - Bauxite
(4) ____________________ - Talc, gypsum
(5) Brilliant - _________________________
5. Hardness: A measure of ________________________________________________________________
a) Determined by a minerals ______________________________________________________;
strength of the bonds and crystal shape.
b) When a mineral is scratched by a substance, that mineral is said to be
______________________________ than the substance.
c) When a mineral scratches a substance, that mineral is said to be
_______________________ than the substance.
d) Moh’s Hardness Scale –
Common Objects
Hardness Name of Mineral
1
Talc
2
Gypsum
3
Calcite
4
Fluorite
5
Apatite
6.5 Steel File
6
Feldspar
_____ _____________________
7
Quartz
8
Topaz
9
Corundum
10
Diamond
2.5_______________________
3.5 Copper
___________is softer than___________
4.5 _____________________
_________ Glass
__________ is harder than ___________
6. Cleavage: When a mineral splits/_______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(a) Mica – one direction; in a _________________________.
(b) Galena – Three directions; in a _________________ shape
a) Determined by atomic _________________________________ of minerals.
(1) ___________________________ is the way a mineral breaks.
(2) __________________________________________ is formed as the crystal grows.
Cleavage
7. Fracture: When a mineral breaks __________________________ into curved or
_________________________________
a) Examples: ____________________, bauxite, hematite, __________________
Fracture
8. Density or ________________ - Minerals have different ________________________, and
vary in weight given the same sample ________________.
9. Chemical Properties:
a) Effervescence:
(1) Calcite- reacts with _____________; producing ________________________
b) ________________________________:
(1) Reaction between Iron (Fe) and the _________________________ in the air
(a) Example: __________________________________
(2) Reaction between copper and air; causes a ________________________
discoloration.
(a) Example: _________________________________
10.
Special Properties:
a) Lodestone- Magnetite: naturally _____________________
b) Iceland Spar- Calcite: produces double _________________________
c) Pitchblend - ________________________________
D. Uses of Minerals:
1. Ore – A mineral that contains _________________ and __________________________, that
can be ______________________ and removed in _________________________ amounts; for a
profit.
a) Metals – elements with ______________________surfaces, are able to conduct
________________ and __________________________________, and are ________________________.
(1) ________________________ - Hematite/Magnetite
(2) _________________________________ - Bauxite
(3) ____________________________ - Chalcopyrite/Malachite
(4) _________________ - Gold
b) Nonmetals – Elements that have ______________ surfaces and are _______________
conductors of heat and _________________________________ and are _________________.
(1) Halite - __________________
(2) Gypsum - _________________
(3) Calcite - __________________
(4) Kaolinite - ________________
2. Alloy - A mixture of two or more_________________________ or a mixture of
_____________________________________.
a) Tin + ______________________ = Bronze
b) Copper + Zinc = ______________
c) Iron + Chromium + ______________________________ = _____________________
d) Lead + Tin = __________________________
3. Gems – Minerals that have _________________________________________________; such as
hardness, _________________, luster, _______________________, rarity…
a) Precious Stones: ___________________________________________________
b) Semi-precious Stones: ___________________________________________
c) Gems that are not minerals: _________________________________
E. Minerals and Rocks:
1. Many kinds of ______________________ are ___________________________________________________
a) Ex: __________________________: ______________, feldspar and ____________________.
2. Mono-mineralic – Rocks that are composed of only ________________________________.
a) Ex: _______________________________ is only composed of ____________________.
3. Poly-mineralic – Rocks that are composed of _____________________________ minerals.
4. There are approximately __________________ different ________________________,
Common Rock Forming Minerals
8%
12%
3%
5%
12%
5%
Quartz
Potassium Feldspar
Plag-Feldspar
Pyroxene
5%
Amph/Hornblend
Biotite Mica
Clays
Olivine
11%
Other
39%
II. Rocks are - ______________________________ based __________ their method of
_______________________________.
A. There are ________ different rock __________________.
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________
B. Sedimentary Rocks: form in _____________________________________________________________;
from the accumulation of ________________________________________, organic matter or
chemical precipitate.
1. Usually form _________________________________ in lakes, seas or oceans.
2. Mostly composed of quartz, feldspar and _____________________.
________________
Sand
Silt
Pressure
Pressure
Silt
Silt
Sandstone
Clay
Shale
Silt
Siltstone
Clay
Shale
Layers of _______________
___________________and
accumulate
.
Pressure/weight
Sediment is ______________
squeezes lower layers.
and ______________________
into rock.
3. Types of Sedimentary Textures: pg ______ of ESRT’s
a) _____________________: form from mineral ________________________________ and
_____________________________ that are ____________________________________ and
____________________________________
together. (Lithification)
(1) Compaction: ___________________________by the weight of overlying rock
(2) Cementation: __________________by natural cements in water. (calcite)
After deposition
Compaction
Cementation
b) __________________________/crystalline: form from minerals ________________________
in water, which settle-out or ____________________________
(1) Dissolved ____________________________ are ___________________________________
after water evaporates.
c) _____________________________/bioclastic: form from the accumulation of
______________________________________________________________________ that undergoes a
transformation into rock.
(1) Formation of Coal –
4. Sedimentary Rock _______________________________________________________:
a) Composed of __________________, mineral or __________________________________________.
b) Can contain a wide ___________________ of ____________________________________________.
(1) Pebbles, cobbles, boulders, in a sand, silt or clay matrix.
(a) ________________________________________: rounded fragments
(b) ________________________________: angular fragments.
c) Can contain a ______________________________ sediment _________________.
(1) ___________________________: 0.2 cm –0.006 cm; fine to coarse sand.
(2) ___________________________: 0.006 cm –0.0004cm; very fine silt.
(3) __________________________: less than 0.0004 cm; minute clays
d) Can be organic and may contain ______________________________.
(1) Limestone, sandstone, _____________________________
e) Generally are formed in ____________________________________rock layers; called
_______________________________________________________________.
C. Igneous Rocks: form from the __________________ and ____________________________________
of molten lava or ________________________________.
1. When molten ______________ or magma cools and solidifies; the ____________________
of different minerals form.
2. The rock contains a crystalline structure of _______________________________ crystals
of different _________________, ______________ and _____________________________.
3. Types of _______________________ rocks: based on the origin of formation
a) ______________________________/Volcanic: form from the ___________________
cooling of ______________________ on or near the Earth’s ________________________.
(1) Rapid cooling _____________________________ allow time for crystals
to ________________________.
(2) Volcanic rocks have __________________ to __________________________________;
giving it a smooth/__________________ texture.
b) _______________________________/Plutonic: form from the _________________ cooling of
____________________ within the Earth.
(1) Slow _________________________ allows time for ________________ crystals to
grow.
(2) Plutonic rocks have _____________________ crystals; giving them a
_______________________/rough texture.
Environment of formation
Rate of cooling
Grain Size
Texture
Very Fast
_______-crystalline
Obsidian
Pumice
Fast
Less than 1mm
Basalt
Rhyolite
Slow
1mm or larger
Granite
Diorite
Extrusive
(Volcanic)
Intrusive
(Plutonic)
Example
c) Crystal size Vs. _____________________________________________
(1) _________________________________ in the Earth’s crust _________________________
the cooling ____________________ and crystal __________________.
Very Fast Cooling
Fast Cooling
Slow Cooling
Rate of Cooling
4. Igneous Rock Identification: pg _______ of ESRT’s
a) Mafic vs. Felsic
(1) Felsic – ex: ___________________________________
(a) Composition - __________________________________________________
(b) Density - ______________________
(c) Color - ________________________
(2) Mafic – ex: ____________________________________
(a) Composition - ____________________________________________________
(b) Density - ________________________
(c) Color - _________________________
MAFIC
FLESIC
HOW ALIKE?
HOW DIFFERENT
WITH REGARD TO
PATTERNS OF SIGNIFICANCE:
D. Metamorphic Rocks: form from ______________________________ rocks; (sedimentary,
igneous, _________________________________) that have been ________________________.
1. Crystals and _________________________________ are rearranged and form new rocks
due to _________________________ with extreme heat (magma) or extreme
________________________________ (orogeny.)
2. Often found in ____________________________________ regions; where deeper
____________________________________ is exposed due to weathering and erosion.
3. Types of Metamorphism:
a) Metamorphic rocks must experience the following conditions in order
to undergo metamorphism:
(1) ____________________
(2) ________________________
Contact
(3) ______________________________________________
b) Contact __________________________________________
(1) When rocks undergo metamorphism due to direct _________________
with ________________ or ______________________.
c) ____________________________ Metamorphism
(1) When rocks undergo metamorphism; due to extreme ________________
Regional
applied during ____________________________________________________ events.
4. Metamorphism Results :
a) Recrystalization - environments within the crust have ______________________
temperatures and __________________ pressure; cause rocks to ___________________
by recrystallizing the old rock material.
(1) No true melting occurs; it is called a ___________________________________
(2) ____________________________________________________
(3) Chemical Change/ __________________________________________
(4) _________________________________ / __________________________________
5. Types of Metamorphic Rocks/ ________________________:
a) ______________________________________: Rock has mineral crystals arranged
in __________________________ or parallel _______________________________.

Ex: Mineral Alignment (________________) & Banding(____________________)
(1) Mineral _____________________________________: Minerals join together;
but do_____________ form _____________________________ layers.
(a) Creates a shine or ___________________________ on the rock
(b) ______________________, Phyllite and Schist
(2) Banding: mineral ___________________________ join and ______________________
in __________________________________; Gneiss
(a) An _______________________________ in ________________ and
___________________ usually produces ______________________
bands of alternating ______________________.
(b) Distorted ______________________________: the ______________________
of mineral ______________________ due to extreme
_________________________ exerted on the rock.
b) ___________________________________________/unfoliated: rock ___________________________
have minerals arranged in ________________________________; _______________________
break in layers/sheets.
(1) Ex: _____________________________________________
Texture
Metamorphic
Rock
Foliated
Slate
Sedimentary
Schist
Gneiss
Marble
Metamorphic
Igneous
Sedimentary
Quartzite
Anthracite Coal
Sedimentary
Sedimentary
Nonfoliated
Metamorphism
Original Rock
Bituminous Coal
Rock Type
The Rock Cycle: pg _______ of ESRT’s
6. ________________________________________________________________________________________________;
as shown by the diagram below.
Rock Relationships
Minerals & Rocks