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Classical Theatre History A Journey Through Time The Middle Ages and The Renaissance – Italy and Spain By Margaret Foland AET 541 Dawn R. Tittle Introduction to the Dark Ages and the Renaissance Week 4 will discuss the following: The Middle Ages (also known as the Dark Ages) and it history The Renaissance – The age of Enlightenment, and how it helped to bring about a new age in Theatre and of course the it’s History. Biblical Theatre – its rebirth Renaissance Theatre – Comediá del arté. It will include the countries of Italy, France and England – as it will be broken up into weeks 5 and 6. The Dark Ages Dueling Feudalism Crusades 1 and 2 Plague Church Hierarchism Royalty St. Joan of Arc Mongol Invasion Barbarians from Northern Europe Knights Templar Eastern Chaos Order of the Horse Chivalry Arthur Celtic – Celts Norsemen (Noorsman) Anglo, Norman, Saxon, Jutes, invasion Martin Luther Chaucer Minstrel song – Jougleus, balds Gothic Architecture Notre Dame Passion Plays – morality plays, miracle plays, mystery plays Universities Schism in the Church – Church/State Inquisition Monasticism, saints Warfare techniques Michelle de Martan - Michael of the Mountain Printing press, Johan and Gutenberg – Printing press inventors Ad Majorem Dei Gloria The Medieval World The Medieval World, 416-1450 Latin is the language of the church and the educated Political background Religious, landed and legal power rested in the church; later segregated to feudal lords and guilds. Theatre closed by church Tertullian, DE Spectaculis 196 – 212 Theatre had already declined and audience interest was waning Theatre returned to respectability at 950 C.E. Church brings Theatre back Major Influences Wide spread famine and plague Hierarchism Feudalism, the church, grab a hold of astrology and numerology, calendar for the church and year, and liturgical size Quem Queritis Discussion Questions What do you think it was like to live in the Medieval World? Who was in control of the Middle world? Who is Joan of Arc and what did she do? Who invented the printing press? When did universities open? Where the people illiterate or were they learning how to read? Biblical Drama A trope, or interruptions, in the mass The church developed Liturgical drama Mystery (Mystere)/ Cycle plays Also called miracle or morality plays Pageants and secrets Episodic plots begin 1240 – 1576 guilds became producers municipal governments and private organizations Purpose of Cycle Plays Glorify God, the Bible, and the Church Instruct the illiterate in the faith Advertise for guilds Compete with spring festivals People move back to the cities Men and boys only allowed to act in England Women and Men Act in Cycle plays in Spain France Italy Patterns of the plays Series (cycle) of 15 – 20 minutes long Written in vernacular Presented in sequence Performed on trestle stage or series of stages Some stages on wheels (pageant wagons) Some stages were stationary “The Second Shepherds Play” York Cycle Plays Bishop Ethelwald Pageant wagons Discussion Questions What is a Cycle Play? Who was allowed to act in Biblical Drama in Britain, Spain, France, and Italy? Who was Bishop Ethelwald? What is the graphic picture on this page a representative of? The Age of Enlightenment The Renaissance Italy and Spain The Italian Renaissance A matter of Perspective Stenography stage craft The Renaissance Mind – Humanism Royallance idea of governance Bringing back Greek and Roman Philosophy People are getting educated University open Art is at its high Gothic Architecture Plague ends – Pregnant form pictures like the one on the title page Biblical Drama dies off – plays are brought back from Ancient Greece Ancient Rome The finding of Pompeii Martin Luther The Protestant Reformation The Church Reformation happens – bring people back to the Catholic Church 3 graphics on questions page mean Triangulation Pawn Spotlight – lime light The Renaissance cont’d The Spanish Golden Age It was part of the Roman Empire until 711 Moors from Northern Africa invaded the country in 711 C.E. Moors controlled most of Spain Lasing effect, the Moorish had, even after the Catholic Church retook the country Spain – Roman Catholic Monarchies King Fernando and Isabel took control over all Spain, after their marriage in 1469 Their heirs became the monarch of Casitle and León 1492 – Columbus sailed under the Spanish Flag discovers American – North, South and Central for Spain Became a world power under King Fernando and Isabel Successful with trade, conquest, commerce, and arts Came to be known as the Spanish Golden Age In 1588, the Aramada was defeated by England End of unquestioned dominance for Spain – as a sea power and continued to be a major factor in Europe for much of the 16th century Drama flourished too Discussion Questions What happened in Italy during the Renaissance? What happed to the Church? What do the symbols below have to do with the Italian Renaissance? What happen to reunite Spain? Who is Christopher Columbus? Italian Theatre Intermezzi and Pastorals 2 popular dramatic forms Developed in the Renaissance Influenced by classical subject matter and dramatic techniques Intermezzi Pastorals Opera – reflects classic subject matters Pastorals – imitation of Greek Satyr plays – romance not sexual connotation Commedia Dell’Arte A popular theatrical form Type of pure theatre Commedia dell’arte – Italian for play for professional artists Companies consisted of 10 performers – 7 male and 3 female Some may have been traveling troupes possible the successors of Greek and Roman mimes Associated with comedy Thrived in Italy from 1550-1750 Consisted of Improv presentations Scenarios Short scripts without dialogue written by a company member Scripts proved an outline for a plot Performers had no set text but invented the words and actions as they went along Actions moved along through improv Most popular figures Were lecherous, misery old Venetian, Pantalone A foolish pedant who was always involved in his neighbors affairs, Dottore A cowardly, braggart soldier, Capitano Servants – zanni Who were sometimes sly, Arlecchino Who were sometimes foolish, Harlequin Italian Stage Design Sebastian Serlio 1475-1554 Architettura - 1545 3 universal sets Tragic, comic, and satyric Laid out identically Street CS 3 “houses” SL & SR Backdrop Inspired by Teatro Olimpico 1580-1584 The Teatro Olimpico is the oldest surviving Renaissance playhouse combination of a Palladian – design Scaenae frons and perspective vistas designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi 1552-1616 The Teatro Franese 1616 or 1618 First permanent proscenium arch theatre, capacity 3000 audience members Completed by Giovanni Aleotti Perspective scenery Racked stage Wings, borders and backdrops Stenography Italian scene changing Periaktoi Wings and groove system – Giambattista Aleotti Chariot and Pole system – Giacomo Tovelli The Glories Severe rake Limited lighting Scene – changing in view of the audience Abast ye, IATSE boy! – The first stage hands were sailors Floor – deck Pipe – batten Gid rid of – strike Elaborate knot system Rope – line Spanish Theatre Religious drama: Autos Sacramentales Originally produced inside churches and cathedrals Part of the church service Written for Corpus Christi, festive held in late May or June, usually two months after Easter Came to be known as Autos Sacramental, name given to any play presented at Corpus Christi Combined elements of medieval morality and mystery plays Based on secular/religious ideas Underscore church teachings Finest dramas written by Calderón, 1647-1681 Prohibited in 1765 Secular / professional theatre flourished Playwrights created dramatic works for both theatres 2 were equally professional without regard to other aspects acting production Trace it through the career of Lope de Rueda Spanish Theatre cont’d The Corrales Corrales – public theatres constructed in existing courtyards Open –air spaces with galleries and boxes protected by a roof 2 of the most famous in Madrid - Corral de la Cruz 1579 - Corral del Principe 1583 The stage platform erected opposite the entrance to the courtyard also several other entrances ways for other seating areas The yard primarily an area for standing Groundlings were known as mosqueteros or musketeers A corral held 2,000 1,000 for men 350 for women And the rest reserved boxes and other accommodations for govt. officials and clergy Proscenium – arch theatre/stage only used at court First proscenium – arch theatre in Spain Coliseo at the King’s Palace The Buen Retiro in Madrid Designed by Italian Cosme Lotti (d. 1643) and completed in 1640 Influenced by the Italian opera and intermezzi Zarzuela – a stylized musical drama with a story based on mythology and ornate scenic art/effects Scenery, the stage and Costumes Similar conventions in Spain to those in England Basic scene elements 2 or 3 story stage house constructed behind the platform stage A curtain, props, and flats might be used in conjunction with the façade of the stage house 3 openings for entrances, exists and reveals and one or two upper playhouses The façade served the same function as the Elizabethan tiring house “Spoken door” – dialogue indicating locale The stage Platform raised above the patio Separated dressing rooms were behind a central curtain that led into the stage house Doorway or each side of the curtain Most famous Celos Aun del Aire Matan 1660 Costuming Similar to England’s Renaissance Playwrights Lope de Rueda Secular drama – comedies 2 best known Lope de Vega Calderón de la Borca Many others include: Guillén de Castro 1569 – 1631 His play The Cid is a source for a famous French Play Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza – 1580 – 1639 Born in Mexico, wrote plays in Madrid Tirso de Molina 1584 – 1648 Said to have written 400 plays He wrote the 1st known play about Don Juan Often compared to Lope de Calderón Discussion Questions What did the theatre of Italy look like? What did the theatre of Spain look like? When did Biblical drama end in Spain? What is Commedia Dell’Arte? Who is Lope de Rueda? Who is the first playwright to write about Don Juan? References 1700spanish. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.costumes.org/history/17thcent/womensfashplates/new/1700spa nish.jpg Classroom without walls. (2011). Retrieved from http://classroomwowalls.pbworks.com/w/page/35366145/Maeve%20Jackso n CorralAlmagro. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://people.uleth.ca/~brent.devos/Webpage%20images/corralAlmagro.jp g Medieval English Religious Drama. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://department.monm.edu/theatre/Rankin/Classes/THEA171/Lectures/m edieval%20mansions.htm Middle Ages . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sphtc.org/timeline/middleages1.jpg Wilson, E., & Goldfarb, A. (2008). History of the Theatre: Living Theatre (5th ed.). New York, New York: McGraw Hill.