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Drama and Society 1580-1630 Golden Age Middle Ages • • • • Strong and vital tradition. Unfied world picture. Theatre served the orhodoxy of the church. Popular entertainment XIII.Liturgical drama – Dialogue between celebrants – Dramatized scenes to instruct • XIV cem.Miracle plays. Religious indoctrination but also amusement: comical characers, clowns. • Corpus Christi festivity: Guilds responsible for the presentation of scenes from the Old and New Testament. Collective creation .Street performances. Pageants. • XV cent. Morality plays by theatrical companies. Courtyards of inns and taverns. Banquet Halls. Early Modern Age • Term preferred over Renaissance. • Embraces the Elizabethan (Queen Elizabeth I’s reign) and Jacobean (King James I’s) ages. • No idea of awakening from the dark ages. • Looks forward to modernity: the beginning of many modern institutionalized practices (including the modern state). An Age of change and transitions • An Age of change from feudal baronial power to centralized monarchy (Henry VIII and Elizabeth) • From warring knights to courtiers. • Cultivation of graces, including literary ones rather than military ability. • Italy with its courts and its culture an obvious model. Castiglione’s Libro del Cortegiano translated in 1561 by Thomas Hoby. An Age of religious change • From Catholicism to Protestantism. • Reformation proclaimed 1536 by Henry VIII • Violent persecution of Catholics under Protestant sovereigns and Protestants under the Catholic Queen Mary I (called Bloody Mary)(1553-58) • Puritan dissent. • An age of controversy. • Italy an obvious adversary. Economics • Growth of trade. Beginnings of financial ventures, banking. • Navigation. Colonial expansion. • Affluence. Drama between classical models and medieval elements • As a consequence of the Reformation and Renaissance, center place to the individual. • Plays about people. Search for answers to questions raised by contemporary human life • .A remainder of features of medieval theatre: – Popular culture – Carnivalesque elements – Witches, magic Early Modern Age Drama • 1580-1630 an explosion of great theatre and great actors. • Age of affluence. – Patronage of companies. – Entertainments at court and in noble houses. – The populace itself could spend money on entertainment. • Drama is called to play a role in the great season of change. • It becomes itself an agency of change. Drama and Society • Not simply an aesthetic objet. • Represents (indirectly) society and its problems and concerns. But not simply a passive reflection of history • Intervenes in history. Performs an important sociopolitical action • It is a tool to fashion and contain. – Helps consolidate dominant order • or – Helps subvert dominant orde • orr – Contain subversion Relationships with the past • Enriched by humanistic translations. • Imitations of classics adapted to English society. • Ties with vital tradition of Middle Ages. Venues • Elizabethan theatres: • Open air. Standing room. Groundlings. – No verisimilitude. Tree for forest • Globe Theatre • Jacobean and Caroline London. Roofed theatres. Banquet hall formula. – Pictorial realism. Backdrops. Inigo Jones • Warmer but more expensive. Rules out groundlings. – – – – More academic, literary theatre. No ranting. More ballets, music. Masques, new genre. The closing of theatres 1642-1660 • Puritans objected to entertainment. • The stage was robbing the pulpit of its role. • Plays represented indecent and subversive subjects. • Questioned state ideology. • 1642 theatres were closed. • 1660 reopened but in a dfferent form and a different spirit.