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Chapter 10 & 11 Notes/Study Guide – Byzantine Empire and Islam WH 1.7 & 1.8
WH 1.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Byzantine Empire and Russia from about
300 to 1000 A.D. by
a) P1 explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire.
Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
- The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political,
economic, and military advantages.
- The Italian peninsula was distant from Eastern Mediterranean power centers and protected by
the sea and an arc of mountains, the Alps.
P2 Location of Constantinople
 Protection of the eastern frontier
 Distance from Germanic invasions in the western empire
 Crossroads of trade
 Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural harbor
Role of Constantinople
 Seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest
 Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture
b) P1 Identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law,
and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy.
What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and later
legal codes?
- As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western
Europe.
P2 Byzantine Emperor Justinian
 Codification of Roman law (impact on European legal codes)
What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy?
- Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity.
P2 Byzantine Emperor Justinian
 Reconquest of former Roman territories
 Expansion of trade
c) P1 Characterizing Byzantine art and architecture, and the preservation of Greek and
Roman traditions.
What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture?
- Greek Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a
unique style of art and architecture.
P2 Byzantine achievements in art and architecture
 Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power
 Icons (religious images)
 Mosaics in public and religious structures
 Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church)
How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?
- Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.
P2 Byzantine Culture
 Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions
 Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West)
 Greek Orthodox Christianity
 Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries
d) P1 explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and
the Greek Orthodox Church.
What factors produced the division within the Christian Church?
- The culture and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire weakened
the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division .
P2 Eastern Church
 Centered in Constantinople
 Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital
 Use of Greek language in the liturgy
 Decentralized governance (separate Patriarchates, councils)
P2 Western Church
 Centered in Rome
 Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital
 Use of Latin language in the liturgy
 Centralized governance under the Pope (Bishop of Rome)
P2 Division between Western and Eastern Church
 Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West
 Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West
 Iconoclasm
e) P1 assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern
Europe.
Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia and
Eastern Europe?
- Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion,
culture, and trade.
P2 Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia
 Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea
 Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe
 Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic language by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet)
 Church architecture and religious art
WH 1.8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to
1000 A.D. by:
a) P1 describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam.
Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread?
- The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith.
- Muhammad and his followers spread Islam.
P2 Origins of Islam
 Muhammad, the Prophet
 Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities
P2 Spread of Islam
 Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain
 Rapid diffusion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian Empires
 Battle of Tours
 Geographic extent of first Muslim empire
What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam?
- Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct Muslim culture.
P2 Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam
 Monotheism (Allah, Arabic work for “God”)
 Quran (Koran): The word of God
 Five pillars of Islam
 Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus
b) P1 assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political
development, including the impact of conquest and trade.
How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule?
- In the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming
geographic barriers, and weakened political empires.
P3 Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam
 Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina
 Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers
 Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine
and Persian empires
How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic
lands?
- Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity.
P3 Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development
 Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived.
 Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands.
 Slavery was not based on race.
c) P1 identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of
Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division, and the Battle of Tours.
What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic
civilization?
- Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization.
P2 Historical turning points
 Death of Ai (Muhammad’s son-in-aw): Sunni-Shi’a division
 Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus
 Islamic capital moved to Baghdad
 Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours
 Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols
d) P1 citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.
How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning?
- Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that
transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
P3 Cultural contributions and achievements
 Architecture (Dome of the Rock)
 Mosaics
 Arabic alphabet used as an art form - Calligraphy
 Universities
 Translation of ancient texts into Arabic
What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?
P2 Scientific contributions and achievements
 Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero
 Algebra
 Medicine (Medical text)
 Expansion of geographic knowledge – created accurate maps
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes/Study Guide – Byzantine Empire and Islam WH 1.7 & 1.8
WH 1.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Byzantine Empire and Russia from about
300 to 1000 A.D. by
a) P1 explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire.
Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
- The capital of the E__________________ Roman Empire was changed to C_________________
to provide political, e_________________, and m_________________ advantages.
- The Italian peninsula was distant from Eastern Mediterranean power centers and protected by
the sea and an arc of mountains, the Alps.
P2 Location of Constantinople
 Protection of the eastern frontier

Distance from G_________________ invasions in the western empire

Crossroads of t_______________: land bridge between Asia and Europe, sea lanes
between Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Easily fortified site on a p_________________ bordering natural harbor
Role of Constantinople

Seat of the B______________________ Empire until O________________ conquest

Preserved classical Greco-R______________ culture
b) P1 Identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law,
and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy.
What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and later
legal codes?
- As the first to codify Roman l________, J_________________ provided the basis for the law
codes of Western Europe.
P2 Byzantine Emperor Justinian
 Codification of Roman law (impact on E________________ legal codes)
What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy?
- Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in c____________ and prosperity.
P3 Byzantine Emperor Justinian

Reconquest of former R_______________ territories

Expansion of t___________________
c) P1 Characterizing Byzantine art and architecture, and the preservation of Greek and
Roman traditions.
What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture?
-
Greek O_________________ Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire
to develop a unique style of art and architecture.
P3 Byzantine achievements in art and architecture

Inspiration provided by C__________________ religion and imperial power

I_____________ (religious images)

M________________ in public and religious structures
 H_______________ S_________________ (a Byzantine domed church)
How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?
-
Greek and Roman traditions were p__________________ in the Byzantine Empire.
P2 Byzantine Culture
 Continued flourishing of G_____________-Roman traditions

G____________ language (as contrasted with Latin in the West)

Greek O______________ Christianity

Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in B__________________ libraries.
d) P1 explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and
the Greek Orthodox Church.
What factors produced the division within the Christian Church?
-
The culture and political differences between the eastern and western R_____________
Empire weakened the u_________ of the Christian Church and led to its division.
P2 Eastern Church
 Centered in C__________________
 Close to seat of power after Constantinople became a c___________

Use of G____________ language in the liturgy

D_________________ governance (separate Patriarchates, councils)
P2 Western Church


Centered in R________________
Farther from seat of power after C____________ became the capital (Byzantine
Empire)

Use of L_______________ language in the liturgy

C__________________ governance under the Pope (Bishop of Rome)
P2 Division between Western and Eastern Church

Authority of the P__________ eventually accepted in the West

Practices such as c__________________ eventually accepted in the West

I___________________
e) P1 assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern
Europe.
Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia and
Eastern Europe?
-
Byzantine civilization influenced R________________ and E___________ European civilizations
through its religion, culture, and trade.
P2 Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia

Trade routes between B____________ Sea and B___________ Sea

Adoption of O______________ Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe

Adoption of G_________ alphabet to the Slavic language by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet)

Church a_______________ and religious art
WH 1.8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to
1000 A.D. by:
a) P1 describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam.
Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread?
-
The revelations of M_____________________ form the basis of the Islamic religion, a
monotheistic faith.
-
Muhammad and his followers spread I__________________.
P2 Origins of Islam
 Muhammad, the P_______________

M__________ and M__________ on the A___________ Peninsula: Early Muslim cities
P2 Spread of Islam
 Across Asia and A__________, and into S______________ (Europe - Iberian Peninsula)

Rapid d_______________ made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian Empires

Battle of T_____________

Geographic extent of first Muslim empire
What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam?
- Islamic traditions and c______________ developed over centuries and created a distinct
M_____________ culture.
P2 Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam

M________________ (Allah, Arabic work for “God”)

Q_______________ (Koran): The word of God

F__________ p___________ of Islam

Acceptance of J____________-C_____________ prophets, including Moses and Jesus.
b) P1 assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political
development, including the impact of conquest and trade.
How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule?
-
In the first t___________ centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly,
overcoming geographic barriers, and weakened political empires.
P2 Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam

Diffusion along t__________ routes from Mecca and Medina.

E_______________ despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain
barriers.

Spread into the F_____________ Crescent (Jerusalem, Damascus, Baghdad), Iran, and
Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian e______________.
How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic
lands?
-
Political u_________ and the Arabic l________________ facilitated trade and stimulated
intellectual activity.
P2 Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development

Political u__________ of the first Muslim empire was short-lived.

Arabic l_____________ spread with Islam and facilitated t________ across Islamic
lands.

Slavery was not based on r_________.
c) P1 identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of
Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division, and the Battle of Tours.
What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic
civilization?
- Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of I_____________ civilization.
P2 Historical turning points

Death of Ai (Muhammad’s son-in-aw): S___________- Sh____________ division

Muslim conquest of J_____________ and D_________________

Islamic capital moved to B_______________________.

Muslim defeat at the Battle of T_______________

Fall of B______________ to the Mongols
d) P1 citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.
How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning?
-
Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that
transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.
P2 Cultural contributions and achievements

Architecture (D________ of the R_______ - Mosque architecture)

Mosaics

C________________ (Arabic alphabet in art form)

Universities

Translation of ancient texts into A________________
What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?
P2 Scientific contributions and achievements

Arabic n______________ (adapted from India), including zero

A_________________ (a branch of Mathematics)

Medicine (M_______________ text)

Expansion of g___________________ knowledge (accurate maps)