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2015 Instrument Transformers VIPIN KUMAR ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 8/12/2015 Instrument Transformers Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Advantages of Instrument Transformers ...................................................................................................... 2 Types of Instrument Transformers ............................................................................................................... 3 Current Transformer ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Potential Transformer (P.T.) ......................................................................................................................... 4 Difference between C.T. & P.T. ..................................................................................................................... 5 References .................................................................................................................................................... 5 VIPIN KUMAR 1 Instrument Transformers Introduction Instrument Transformers are used in A.C. system for measurement of electrical quantities i.e. voltage, Current, Power, energy, Power factor, frequency. Instrument transformers are also used with protective relays for protection of power system. Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the A.C. System voltage & current. The voltage & current level of power system is very high. It is very difficult & costly to design the measuring instruments for measurement of such high level voltage & current. Generally measuring instruments are designed for 5A & 110V. The measurement of such very large electrical quantities, can be made possible by using the Instrument transformers with these small rating measuring instruments. Therefore these instrument transformers are very popular in modern power system. Advantages of Instrument Transformers (I) The large voltage & current of A.C. Power system can be measured by using small rating measuring instrument i.e. 5 A, 110 – 120 V (Sawhney,2010). (II) By using the instrument transformers, measuring instruments can be standardized. Which results in reduction of cost of measuring instruments. More ever the damaged measuring instruments can be replaced easy with healthy standardized measuring instruments. (III) Instrument transformers provide electrical isolation between high voltage Power circuit & measuring instruments. Which reduces the insulation requirement for measuring instruments & protective circuits & also assures the safety of operators. (IV) Several measuring instruments can be connected through a single transformer to power system. (V) Due to low voltage & current level in measuring & protective circuit, there is low power consumption in measuring & protective circuits. VIPIN KUMAR 2 Instrument Transformers Types of Instrument Transformers Instrument transformers are of two types – 1. Current transformer (C.T.) 2. Potential transformer (P.T.) Current Transformer Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system to a lower level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating Ammeter (i.e. 5A ammeter). A typical connection diagram of a Current transformer is shown in figure below. . Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Sometimes bar primary is also used. Primary is connected in series with the power circuit. Therefore, sometimes it also called series transformer. The secondary is having large no. of turns. Secondary is connected directly to an ammeter. As the ammeter is having very small resistance. Hence, the secondary of current transformer operates almost in short circuited condition. One terminal of secondary is earthed to avoid the large voltage on secondary with respect to earth. Which in turns reduce the chances of insulation breakdown & also protect the operator against high voltage. More ever before disconnecting the ammeter, secondary is short circuited through a switch ‘S’ as shown in figure above to avoid the high voltage build up across the secondary. VIPIN KUMAR 3 Instrument Transformers Potential Transformer (P.T.) Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system to a lower level to make is feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeter i.e. 110 – 120 V voltmeter. A typical connection diagram of a potential transformer is showing figure below. Primary of P.T. is having large no. of turns. Primary is connected across the line (generally between on line & earth). Hence, sometimes it is also called the parallel transformer. Secondary of P.T. is having few turns & connected directly to a voltmeter. As the voltmeter is having large resistance. Hence the secondary of a P.T. operates almost in open circuited condition. One terminal of secondary of P.T. is earthed to maintain the secondary voltage with respect to earth. Which assures the safety of operators. VIPIN KUMAR 4 Instrument Transformers Difference between C.T. & P.T. Few differences between C.T. & P.T. are listed below – Sl. Current Transformer (C.T.) No. 1 Connected in series with power circuit. Connected in Parallel with Power circuit. 2 Secondary is connected to Ammeter. Secondary is connected to Voltmeter 3 Secondary works almost in short circuited Secondary works almost in open circuited condition. condition. 4 Primary current depends on power circuit Primary current depends on secondary current. burden. 5 Primary current & excitation vary over wide range with change of power circuit current One terminal of secondary is earthed to avoid the insulation break down. Primary current & excitation variation are restricted to a small range. Secondary is never be open circuited. Secondary can be used in open circuit condition. 6 7 Potential Transformer (P.T.) One terminal of secondary can be earthed for Safety. References Bakshi, U.A. 'Electrical Measurements And Instrumentation". Pune: Technical Publications, 2009. English. Cooper, Helfrick and. “Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”. Prentice-Hall of India, 1988. Golding, E.W. “Electrical Measurement and Measuring Instruments”,. Sir Issac Pitman and Sons , 1960. Jones, B.E. “Instrumentation Measurement and Feedback”. Tata McGraw-Hill, 1986. Morris, Alan S. "Measurement and Instrumentation Principles" . 2001. Sawhney, A. K. "Electrical and Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation". Delhi: Dhanpat Rai Co. (P) Ltd., 2010. English. VIPIN KUMAR 5