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I. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) B. Salt Marsh Plants Cord grass (Spartina) • • • • • Fig. 12.8 Salicornia Salt tolerant terrestrial plants Salt glands in leaves excrete excess salts Inhabit temperate soft-bottom coastal areas Important sources of habitat for birds, etc. Fig. 12.7 Spartina Pickleweed (Salicornia) • • • • Halophyte Occurs at higher levels in marsh with less inundation by salt water Succulent leaves help to dilute salts I. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) C. • • • • • • Mangroves • • • • • • Salt tolerant shrubs and trees (80+ species) Tropical terrestrial plants living in soft sediments, often organic rich and anoxic Poor competitors All share certain characteristics Salt tolerance (halophytes) Shallow, broad root system and aerial roots with pneumatophores (pores for gas exchange) Salt glands that excrete excess salt Tough, succulent leaves that store water Viviparity Inhabit highly productive ecosystems Provide important habitat for larval and juvenile organisms Protect shorelines against erosion and wave action Red Mangrove I. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) C. • • • • • • Mangroves • • • • • • Salt tolerant shrubs and trees (80+ species) Tropical terrestrial plants living in soft sediments, often organic rich and anoxic Poor competitors All share certain characteristics Salt tolerance (halophytes) Shallow, broad root system and aerial roots with pneumatophores (pores for gas exchange) Salt glands that excrete excess salt Tough, succulent leaves that store water Viviparity Inhabit highly productive ecosystems Provide important habitat for larval and juvenile organisms Protect shorelines against erosion and wave action Fig. 6.14 II. Invertebrates - Background • • Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia • • • • Multicellular Invertebrates – No backbone Vertebrates – Backbone Estimate - 97% of all animal species are invertebrates III. Porifera (Sponges) • Structurally simplest multicellular animals • • “Complex aggregations of specialized cells” Cellular level of organization • • • No true tissues No true organs Most sponges are marine (~9000 species) • • • Most speciose in shallow tropical waters All are sessile (attached to substrate) Diversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitats • • • • Encrusting sponges Glass sponges (Hexactinellids) – Silica skeleton Boring sponges (Ex - Cliona) Sclerosponges – Calcium carbonate skeleton Fig. 7.2 III. Porifera (Sponges) • Structurally simplest multicellular animals • • “Complex aggregations of specialized cells” Cellular level of organization • • • No true tissues No true organs Most sponges are marine (~9000 species) • • • Most speciose in shallow tropical waters All are sessile (attached to substrate) Diversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitats • • • • Encrusting sponges Glass sponges (Hexactinellids) – Silica skeleton Boring sponges (Ex - Cliona) Sclerosponges – Calcium carbonate skeleton III. Porifera (Sponges) A. Body Plan (Structure) • • • • • Ostia – Small pores through which water enters Osculum – Large opening through which water exits Pinacocytes – Flat cells covering outer surface Porocytes – Canal allows water to enter Choanocytes – Collar cells; line chambers • • • • • Beat flagella to pump water through sponge Collar traps food particles Spongin – Elastic protein that makes up body of many sponges Spicules – Calcareous or siliceous structures that provide structural support and discourage predators Amebocytes – Secrete spongin and spicules Fig. 7.1 III. Porifera (Sponges) B. C. • • • 1. 2. Feeding • • Suspension feeders Filter feeders (active suspension feeders) Pump water across filter (Video) Ingest plankton and organic particles Important consumers of particles in many areas Reproduction • • • • • • • Asexual Fragmentation Sexual Spawning Gametes produced by amebocytes, not gonads Most sponges hermaphroditic Internal fertilization Planktonic larva = parenchymula Spawning Larva Settlement Metamorphosis Fig. 7.4 Link: Sponge Spawning Video IV. Cnidaria • Includes 9000+ species • • • A. Sea anemones Corals Jellyfishes Body Plan • True tissues** • • Perform specific functions Body forms • • • Polyp Medusa Radial symmetry • • Oral surface Aboral surface Fig. 7.6 IV. Cnidaria A. Body Plan • Systems • • • Nervous system Digestive system Cell Types • • • • Epidermis – External cell layer Mesoglea – Middle layer, usually acellular Gastrodermis – Inner cell layer Nematocysts • • • Stinging cells Defense Prey capture www.calacademy.org/research/izg/nematocyst.htm IV. Cnidaria B. Hydrozoa (Class) • Polyp forms • • • • Often colonial Polyps typically small Polyps may be specialized for • Feeding Millepora species • Reproduction - Some produce small medusae that produce gametes - Ciliated free-swimming planula larva Polyp • Defense Medusa forms – Usually small • • May be colonial Siphonophores – Colonial (Ex - Portugese man of war) • Specialized polyps for swimming, feeding, reproduction Fig. 7.8 IV. Cnidaria C. Scyphozoa • Desmonema glaciale Medusa stage dominant • • Polyps very small – produce juvenile medusae • Polyp stage absent in some species Medusae may get very large • • Ex – Cyanea capillata (Lion’s Mane) • Bell more than 2 m in diameter • Tentacles to 60+ m long Swim by contracting bell rhythmically Cyanea capillata IV. Cnidaria D. Anthozoa • • • More species than Hydrozoa or Scyphozoa No medusa stage Polyps more complex than in other classes • • 1. Gut contains septa to add surface area for digestion of prey Passive suspension feeders and predators Solitary forms • 2. Anthopleura xanthogrammica Sea anemones – polyps may be very large Colonial forms a. b. c. d. e. Corals • Stony corals – branching and doming (massive) - Some build reefs in tropics • Soft corals Precious corals – Protein skeleton + spicules Gorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeleton Sea pens – No skeleton Sea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescent Branching Corals Doming Corals Soft Corals Precious Corals