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Ancient Civilizations The World of Islam HERE IS THE WORLD… …AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia NORTH AFRICA SOUTHWEST MIDDLE EAST ASIA SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST” SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE: AFGHANISTAN TURKEY IRA Q SAUDI ARABIA ISRAEL IRAN KUWAIT QATAR AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) SEMI DESERT DESERT DESER T SAHEL Most of the climate is arid (dry) (partly dry) and s Bosporus Strait & Dardanelles Strait (SPLITS TURKEY FROM THE REST OF EUROPE) BLACK SEA TAURUS MTS STRAIT OF HORMUZ SAHARA DESERT ARABIAN SEA NILE RIVER TIGRIS RIVER EUPHRATES RIVER •There is also a lot of seasonal flooding, alluvial soils (deposits from the river), and delta regions (like the Nile delta). •There are also natural water reservoirs likes oases and wadis. •An oasis is fertile land in a desert, usually fed by an underground spring •A wadi is a temporary watering hole when a gully gets filled up during the rainy season. Many cities are known for their influence on culture and trade BAGHDAD, IRAQ ISTANBUL, TURKEY TEHRAN, IRAN CASABLANCA, MOROCCO TRIPOLI, LIBYA CAIRO, EGYPT MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA JERUSALEM, ISRAEL Arabs • Arabs = nomadic bedouins, Semitic speaking people who lived in Arabian Peninsula • Hostile surroundings made the Arabs move constantly to continue to feed their animals • Arabs organized into independent tribes to help each other with difficult lives • Sheikh = leader of tribe • Early Arabs herded sheep & farmed on the Arabian peninsula • After domestication of camel, expanded caravan trade from between Persian gulf & Mediterranean Bedouins Arabs • Early Arabs were polytheistic, Allah = main god • Traced their ancestry to Abraham & his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built a shrine called the Kaaba at Mecca • Black Stone, cornerstone of Kaaba, revered for its association with Abraham Muhammad • Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned early • Became a caravan merchant & married his boss, a rich widow named Khadija • Muhammad was troubled with gap between the greedy rich & honest poor • Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the issue • While meditating, Muhammad received revelation from God through the angel Gabriel Muhammad • Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed himself partially to Moses & Jesus and his final revelations were to him • Islam = submission to the will of Allah • Quran = Muslim bible based on Muhammad revelations • Quran contains ethical guidelines for Muslims • Islam has only one god, Muhammad is the prophet Mosque Of The Prophet In Madinah Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: Where Muhammad Ascended Into Heaven ISLAM • Muhammad became a religious, political, & military leader • He assembled a military force to defend community/ military victories attracted many followers • In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 soldiers/ city surrendered & many residents converted to Islam • Muhammad declared the Kaaba to be a sacred shrine • Muhammad died 2 years later, Islam spread through the Arabian peninsula The Quran: Holy Book Of Islam Five Pillars of Islam Faith – Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is his prophet. Prayer – five times a day toward Makkah, noon on Fridays at mosque. Alms Giving. Fasting – during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset. Pilgrimage - a hajj to Makkah once in lifetime There is no deity except Allah (the One and Only God), Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. Celebrating The Last Day of Ramadan Pilgrims On The Road to And Camped Outside of Makkah P i l Al-Haram Mosque Holds the Kaaba Values: Honor parents Be kind to neighbors Protect widows and orphans Give to the poor Condemns: Murder Stealing Lying Adultery The Quran Forbids: Gambling Pork Alcohol Regulates: Marriage Divorce Inheritance Business Endorses: Polygamy Slavery Jihad Muslim Cartoon Creation of Arab Empire • Difficult finding leadership after Muhammad’s death • Abu Bakr = Muhammad’s father-in-law was chosen to be successor/ called caliph = successor to Muhammad • Bakr & Muhammad used Jihad to spread movement of Islam • Jihad = “struggle in way of god” • By 650 Egypt, Syria, & Persian empire were part of Arab empire/ Done under leadership of Bakr • Death in battle was assured place in palace/enhanced military courage Muhammad Surrounded by the Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs The Meaning of Jihad 1. Jihad against oneself - the daily struggle against evil and temptation in life. 2. Jihad with knowledge - the struggle to use knowledge, particularly from the Qur'an, to fight ignorance and to gain converts to Islam not through battle, but through the power of Qur'anic knowledge. 3. Jihad with wealth - the struggle to give up material wealth for the benefit of Islam, through charitable donations. 4. Jihad with the sword - the physical struggle to defend Islam against harm from unbelievers. Muslims believe that if they give their lives in this military jihad they will be rewarded with eternal paradise. 5. Jihad through righteousness - the struggle to continuously undertake good deeds to please God and benefit humanity. Islamic Civilization • Arab empire was generally prosperous • Based on extensive trade by ship & camel • Camel caravans went to Morocco in far west to countries beyond Caspian Sea • Trade began to prosper during Abassid dynasty • Large magnificent cities began to prosper……..Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Cordoba • Islamic cities had their own physical appearance • Palace & mosques = most impressive buildings • Fountains, public baths, bazaars Islamic Society • Muslims live their lives in accordance with Allah’s teachings revealed in the Quran • Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah/ was not always the case in the Arab empire = well defined upper class of ruling families & wealthy merchants • Slaves were not considered equal/Muslims could not be slaves/ Slaves came from south Africa or Asia, mostly captives of war/treated pretty well, many were set free • Women were not treated equal, Quran does not tell men to do so Islamic Society • Men dominated Arab empire • Every woman had a male guardian/ Women were secluded at home & kept from social contacts with men outside their families • Parents arranged marriages for children/ Muslim men could have up to 4 wives\had to pay dowry • Women covered much of their bodies while in public • These customs are more connected with Arab practice than to the teachings of the Quran Islamic Achievements • Al-Ma’mun’s House of Wisdom = Baghdad, Arab scholars translated Greek works by Plato, Aristotle, etc./ Mathematics texts were included • Ibn-Rushd = scholar, wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s works • Math = created algebra & passed on India’s numbering system known as “Arabic” in Europe • Science = perfected astrolabe-used by sailors to determine location by looking at position of planets & stars/ observatory in Baghdad where scientists studied and named many stars Islamic Achievements • Medicine = developed medicine as a field of study/ Ibn Sina wrote medical encyclopedia, Canon of Medicine, it showed how diseases could spread • History = Ibn Khaldun proposed cyclical history, cause & effect, wrote Muqaddimah- Intro to History • Literature = Quran was main book/ Omar Khayyam wrote Rubaiyat/ Arabian Nights (1001 Nights) collection of folktales & fables that were first told orally & then written down over many years • Art/Architecture = blends together Arabic, Turkish, & Persian traditions Islamic Achievements • Art is expressed in Mosques/ decorations = arabesques- geometric patterns of Arabic letters, plants, & abstract figures • No representation of Muhammad in any art/ prophet warned against imitating God by creating pictures • Great Mosque of Samarra is the largest Mosque ever built = present day Iraq, covers 10 acres • Mosque in Cordoba, Spain = 514 columns make building into a forest of trees\ • Palaces reflected the glory of Islam • Alhambra in Granada, Spain is finest Islamic palace