Download Islam

Ancient
Civilizations
The World of Islam
HERE IS THE WORLD…
…AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND
SOUTHWEST ASIA
Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of
Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia
NORTH AFRICA
SOUTHWEST
MIDDLE
EAST
ASIA
SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE
“MIDDLE EAST”
SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE:
AFGHANISTAN
TURKEY
IRA
Q
SAUDI
ARABIA
ISRAEL
IRAN
KUWAIT
QATAR
AND THE UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES (UAE)
SEMI
DESERT
DESERT
DESER
T
SAHEL
Most of the climate is arid (dry)
(partly dry)
and s
Bosporus Strait & Dardanelles Strait
(SPLITS TURKEY FROM THE REST OF EUROPE)
BLACK SEA
TAURUS MTS
STRAIT OF HORMUZ
SAHARA DESERT
ARABIAN
SEA
NILE RIVER
TIGRIS RIVER
EUPHRATES RIVER
•There is also a lot of seasonal flooding, alluvial soils (deposits from the river), and delta regions (like the Nile
delta).
•There are also natural water reservoirs likes oases and wadis.
•An oasis is fertile land in a desert, usually fed by an underground spring
•A wadi is a temporary watering hole when a gully gets filled up during the rainy season.
Many cities are known for their influence on culture and trade
BAGHDAD, IRAQ
ISTANBUL, TURKEY
TEHRAN,
IRAN
CASABLANCA,
MOROCCO
TRIPOLI,
LIBYA
CAIRO,
EGYPT
MECCA,
SAUDI
ARABIA
JERUSALEM, ISRAEL
Arabs
• Arabs = nomadic bedouins, Semitic speaking people
who lived in Arabian Peninsula
• Hostile surroundings made the Arabs move
constantly to continue to feed their animals
• Arabs organized into independent tribes to help each
other with difficult lives
• Sheikh = leader of tribe
• Early Arabs herded sheep & farmed on the Arabian
peninsula
• After domestication of camel, expanded caravan
trade from between Persian gulf & Mediterranean
Bedouins
Arabs
• Early Arabs were polytheistic, Allah = main god
• Traced their ancestry to Abraham & his son Ishmael,
who were believed to have built a shrine called the
Kaaba at Mecca
• Black Stone, cornerstone of Kaaba, revered for its
association with Abraham
Muhammad
• Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned early
• Became a caravan merchant & married his boss, a
rich widow named Khadija
• Muhammad was troubled with gap between the
greedy rich & honest poor
• Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the
issue
• While meditating, Muhammad received revelation
from God through the angel Gabriel
Muhammad
• Muhammad came to believe that Allah had
revealed himself partially to Moses & Jesus
and his final revelations were to him
• Islam = submission to the will of Allah
• Quran = Muslim bible based on
Muhammad revelations
• Quran contains ethical guidelines for
Muslims
• Islam has only one god, Muhammad is the
prophet
Mosque Of The
Prophet
In Madinah
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem:
Where Muhammad
Ascended Into Heaven
ISLAM
• Muhammad became a religious, political, &
military leader
• He assembled a military force to defend
community/ military victories attracted
many followers
• In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with
10,000 soldiers/ city surrendered & many
residents converted to Islam
• Muhammad declared the Kaaba to be a
sacred shrine
• Muhammad died 2 years later, Islam spread
through the Arabian peninsula
The Quran:
Holy Book
Of Islam
Five Pillars of Islam
Faith – Allah is the one true god and
Muhammad is his prophet.
Prayer – five times a day toward Makkah,
noon on Fridays at mosque.
Alms Giving.
Fasting – during Ramadan from sunrise to
sunset.
Pilgrimage - a hajj to Makkah once in
lifetime
There is no deity except Allah
(the One and Only God),
Muhammad is the Messenger of
Allah.
Celebrating The Last Day of Ramadan
Pilgrims On
The Road to
And Camped
Outside of
Makkah
P
i
l
Al-Haram Mosque Holds the Kaaba
Values:
Honor parents
Be kind to neighbors
Protect widows and orphans
Give to the poor
Condemns:
Murder
Stealing
Lying
Adultery
The Quran
Forbids:
Gambling
Pork
Alcohol
Regulates:
Marriage
Divorce
Inheritance
Business
Endorses:
Polygamy
Slavery
Jihad
Muslim Cartoon
Creation of Arab Empire
• Difficult finding leadership after Muhammad’s
death
• Abu Bakr = Muhammad’s father-in-law was chosen
to be successor/ called caliph = successor to
Muhammad
• Bakr & Muhammad used Jihad to spread movement
of Islam
• Jihad = “struggle in way of god”
• By 650 Egypt, Syria, & Persian empire were part of
Arab empire/ Done under leadership of Bakr
• Death in battle was assured place in
palace/enhanced military courage
Muhammad Surrounded by the
Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs
The Meaning of Jihad
1. Jihad against oneself - the daily struggle against evil and
temptation in life.
2. Jihad with knowledge - the struggle to use knowledge,
particularly from the Qur'an, to fight ignorance and to gain
converts to Islam not through battle, but through the power of
Qur'anic knowledge.
3. Jihad with wealth - the struggle to give up material wealth for
the benefit of Islam, through charitable donations.
4. Jihad with the sword - the physical struggle to defend Islam
against harm from unbelievers. Muslims believe that if they give
their lives in this military jihad they will be rewarded with
eternal paradise.
5. Jihad through righteousness - the struggle to continuously
undertake good deeds to please God and benefit humanity.
Islamic Civilization
• Arab empire was generally prosperous
• Based on extensive trade by ship & camel
• Camel caravans went to Morocco in far west to
countries beyond Caspian Sea
• Trade began to prosper during Abassid dynasty
• Large magnificent cities began to
prosper……..Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Cordoba
• Islamic cities had their own physical appearance
• Palace & mosques = most impressive buildings
• Fountains, public baths, bazaars
Islamic Society
• Muslims live their lives in accordance with Allah’s
teachings revealed in the Quran
• Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of
Allah/ was not always the case in the Arab empire =
well defined upper class of ruling families &
wealthy merchants
• Slaves were not considered equal/Muslims could not
be slaves/ Slaves came from south Africa or Asia,
mostly captives of war/treated pretty well, many
were set free
• Women were not treated equal, Quran does not tell
men to do so
Islamic Society
• Men dominated Arab empire
• Every woman had a male guardian/ Women were
secluded at home & kept from social contacts with
men outside their families
• Parents arranged marriages for children/ Muslim
men could have up to 4 wives\had to pay dowry
• Women covered much of their bodies while in
public
• These customs are more connected with Arab
practice than to the teachings of the Quran
Islamic Achievements
• Al-Ma’mun’s House of Wisdom = Baghdad, Arab
scholars translated Greek works by Plato, Aristotle,
etc./ Mathematics texts were included
• Ibn-Rushd = scholar, wrote commentaries on
Aristotle’s works
• Math = created algebra & passed on India’s
numbering system known as “Arabic” in Europe
• Science = perfected astrolabe-used by sailors to
determine location by looking at position of planets
& stars/ observatory in Baghdad where scientists
studied and named many stars
Islamic Achievements
• Medicine = developed medicine as a field of study/
Ibn Sina wrote medical encyclopedia, Canon of
Medicine, it showed how diseases could spread
• History = Ibn Khaldun proposed cyclical history,
cause & effect, wrote Muqaddimah- Intro to History
• Literature = Quran was main book/ Omar Khayyam
wrote Rubaiyat/ Arabian Nights (1001 Nights)
collection of folktales & fables that were first told
orally & then written down over many years
• Art/Architecture = blends together Arabic, Turkish,
& Persian traditions
Islamic Achievements
• Art is expressed in Mosques/ decorations =
arabesques- geometric patterns of Arabic letters,
plants, & abstract figures
• No representation of Muhammad in any art/ prophet
warned against imitating God by creating pictures
• Great Mosque of Samarra is the largest Mosque ever
built = present day Iraq, covers 10 acres
• Mosque in Cordoba, Spain = 514 columns make
building into a forest of trees\
• Palaces reflected the glory of Islam
• Alhambra in Granada, Spain is finest Islamic palace