Download Infectious diseases in exotic birds I.

9. 12. 2013
Preventive measure
1) Isolation of susceptible or naive animals
Infectious diseases in exotic birds II.
2) Diagnostic testing followed isolation or
removal of test-positive animals
3) Genetic selection of disease-resistant
population of animals
Winter term 2013
4) Vaccination to prevent disease and restrict
an organism´s amplification within a host
or population of hosts.
Important infectious disease
Viral disease of skin
• Psittacine circovirus formerly psittacine
psittacine beak and feather disease
beak and feather disease virus (BFDV)
• Avian Polyomavirus
• Herpesvirus infection
• Poxvirus
• Chlamydophilla
psittacine circovirus – BFDV
avian polyomavirus
cutaneous form of pox
• Macrorhabdus infection - Megabacteriosis
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Immunosupresion in chicken
Papillomatosis
infection with BFDV
infection with pigeon circovirus
Papillomavirus
např. PePV
Infection with APV
Herpesvirus
IPP – internal
papillomatosis of parrots
Hepatitis
Neural sings of viral origin
Pacheco disease (PsHV or PDV)
Psittacine proventricular dilatation (PPD)
Chlamydophilosis
–stage of affection of CNS
Adenovirus infection of parrots
Infection with paramyxovirus PMV-3
Infection with APV
Infection with Pacheco
Infection with BFDV
Infection with WNV – West Nile virus
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Infection with Paramyxo PMV-3
Central nervous symptoms in neophema
• Paramyxovirus type 3 is presently the most common
paramyxovirus in psittacines (Neophema spp. and other
parakeets) and passerines (finches) and it can lead to
severe illness in these birds.
• The disease is characterized by acute or chronic
pancreatitis and central nervous symptoms,such as
torticollis as well as walking in circles.
and by high mortality rates in the affected
flocks
Steatorrhea
Clinically important viral disease
Important viral disease of Psittaciformes
• Psittacine circovirus
• Avian polyomavirus
Clinically important viral disease
Important viral disease of Columbiformes
• Paramyxoviral infection (PPMV-1)
• Avian poxvirus (Pox virus)
• Pacheco disease
• Pigeon herpesvirus (PHV-1)
• Poxvirus
• Pigeon circovirus (PiCV)
• Papillomatosis
• Pigeon adenovirus
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Clinically important viral disease
Diagnostics
Important viral disease of Passeriformes
• History and clinical sings
• Canary poxvirus
• Postmortem finding + histology
• Paramyxovirus infection (PMV-3)
• Serological investigation
• Finch polyomavirus (FPyV )
• Virological investigation
• Fringilla papillomavirus (FPV)
– electron microskopy
• Circovirus of starlings (SCV)
– cultivation (poxvirus)
– polymerase chain reaction (PCR, RT-PCR)
Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Susceptible species
Synonymum
•
Czech - nemoc zobáku a peří papoušků
• Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)
• majority of species of parrot (all?)
• frequently cockatoo, african grey parrots (AGP)
• budgerigar a eclectus
Characteristic
• disorder of plumage
• degenerative change
of the beak
• immunosupresion
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Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Etiology
Clinical sings
• psittacine circovirus (BFDV)
•
course of disease depend on species and age of birds
•
acute x chronical
•
acute mainly in chicken to 6 month of age
•
chronical in older, frequently to 3 years
• smallest virus (14-17 nm)
• noneveloped → resistent to desinfection
• circular ss-DNA
• without propagation in vitro
• naturally ocurence in Australia
• disease of 1-year old cockatoo
Circoviral infection
Acute course
•
chicken and fledgling of cockatoo and AGP to 6 month of age
•depresion, regurgition
•quickly developement of change on the
plumage on the whole body - needn't in AGP!!!
• often peracute course and perishing without
sings
Apathy of chick of AGP and spontanously falling out feathers
on the investigation table.
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Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Acute course
• Haematology of chick APG with PBFD
• severe leukocytopenia → immunosupression
• death loss mainly to 6 month of age, often as results
of secondary infection
– Hemoglobin
– Hematokrit /PCV
– Erytrocyts
– Leucocyts
81 g/l
0,23 l/l
1,650 x1012/l
1,500 x109/l
– Leukogram
• without changes on the beak
Aren´t bee posible made it for low numbre
of leucocytes.
Circoviral infection
Disorder of plumage
• decrease amount of feather powder → horn
of beak is without shine
• feather is falling out
• dysplasia of feathers
• dystrofic line in the feathers
Circumferential constrictions on basis of feathers.
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Circoviral infection
Disorder of plumage
•
hemorrhage within the pulp cavity
• retention of feather sheaths
Circumferential constrictions.→
fractures of the feather shaft→
hemorrhage
Red tail feather of AGP with very prone constriction on the basis.
Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Acute infection in AGP
Acute infection in AGP
•
disorder of plumage lika in cockatoo
•
extra progresive, nonregenerative anemia
•
red discoloratio of grey
• postmortem or on X-ray hepatomegalia
• histological necrotic lesion in the liver
feathers ← disorder of liver
•
often sudden death without sings
as results of secundary infection
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Circoviral infection
Chronic infection
• often in adult in age between 6 months to 3 years
• typical for cockatoo, but occur in other species
• initially lack of feather powder
• molting is prolonged
• dysplastic feathers (contour and powder), first
sporadically, only in some feather tracts,
progressively dispersed on the body
Swolen liver with yellowish necrotic lesion – peracute course of infection.
Circoviral infection
Chronic infection
• can finish complete baldness
Chronical form of parrot circovirus infection in cockatoo loos of contour feathers on the body and in the crest.
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Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Chronic infection
Chronic infection
• deformation of plumage is identical as in acute curse
• course of infection is progressive
Degenerative alteration of beak
• prognosis in most cases is bad
• typical for cockatoo, others rarely
• death in to 6-12 months past detection of sings
• in late stage of disease
• often death on the secundary infection (bacterial,
• poor quality of horn
• overgrowing, fissure, fracturs
• necrosis of palate mucousa
fungal) or on the starvation due to pain of beak
• South American parrots are less susceptible,
possibility of recovery
→ pain → anorexia
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Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Lovebirds, eklectus
Budgerigar
•
infection is common
• infection is not so common
•
change of plumage are
• change of plumage is others as in cockatoo
not so frequent
• affected mainly wings and tails feathers → runners
• clinically identically with polymavirus infection –
•
together with APV infection component of syndroms
infection is to fatal
„French moult “
•
predominantly become ill young adult birds
Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Transmission
Replication of virus
•
•
in germinative epitel of follicles → change of plumage
•
in germinative epitel of beak → degeneration of beak
•
in bursa Fabricous (BF), thymus → immunossupresion
•
and other tissue
affected birds spread virus in feaces and in feather powder →
inhalational infection
•
vertical transmission
•
virus too in contents of crop → transmission during naturaly
breeding of chicken in the nest
Incubation period
•
minimally 3 week to months up to years
•
often subclinical infection with spreading of virus
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Circoviral infection
Diagnostical method
• clinical sings
• HMT – leukocytopenia, relative lymfocytosis, anemia
Circoviral infection
Confirmation of diagnosis
• Change of plumage → histology of feather folicle and
feathers – intracelular and intranuclear inclusion
body
• BCH – AST, LDH, bille acid in serum, ↓TP
• RTG – hepatomegalia
• Post mortem – atrophy of BF, hepatomegalia
Circoviral infection
Circoviral infection
Confirmation of diagnosis
Therapy
• sampling of blood, feaces, feathers or tisues for PCR
• any specifical antiviral therapy
(contamination !)
• attempt of good body codition – nutrition, vitamins
• better pair sampling for PCR after 30-90 days
• secundary infection – zoohygiene, ATB,antimycotics
• electron microscopy →require great mount of virus
• imunostimulation – β-glukany, vitamins
• ideal combination histology + PCR or EM
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Circoviral infection
β-glucan
Precaution
(1,3/1,6) β-glucan
•
not breed together small and large species of parrots
•
after purchase or after exibition 30-90 days of quarantine
•
in quarantine make pair investigation by using PCR
•
positive bird put in the quarantine
•
aviary is closed for public
•
before entry thorough hygiene
•
virus is highly resistant agains common desifection agens
King parrot (Alisterus scapularis) lutino mutation
Polyomavirus infection
PBFD +
Synonyms
•
Budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD)
•
French moult (together with BFDV)
Characteristic
PBFD +
•
change of plumage
•
death of young birds or chickens
•
failure of coagulability of blood
→ haemorrhage
PBFD +
•
course depend on the age and species
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Polyomavirus infection
Polyomavirus infection
Etiology
• possibility of infection of all birds species
• avian polyomavirus
•
(parrots, songbird, birds of prey, gulls etc.)
40-48 nm
• non enveloped
• → resistant again desinfection
• circular ds-DNA
Polyomavirus infection
Polyomavirus infection
Clinical sings
Acute illness of budgerigars
• course depended of the species and age of infected
• in chicken to 10.-20. days of age
individual
Budgerigar
• death of chicken in good body condition
• acute course
• high mortality of chicken to 10.-20. day of age
• without apparent clinical sings
• chronical course
• change of plumage in elderly birds (fledgling)
• haemorrhage in subcutis
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Polyomavirus infection
Polyomavirus infection
Chronical illness of budgerigars
Change of plumage
• change of plumage in eldery birds and in
fledgling
• clinically identical to BFDV infection
• after molting normal plumage
Polyomavirus infection
Others parrots (mainly macaws, conures)
• sudden deaths in hand rearing chicken between
2.-12. week of age
• without sings or death to 24 hours past occurence
• weakness, paleness, inapetence, dehydratation,
subcutaneous hemorhagy, crop stasis
• change of plumage seldom
Chicks of Blue and Gold Macaw and Blue-throated Macaw
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Chicks of Blue and Gold Macaw and Blue-throated Macaw
Necropsy of Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria
Polyomavirus infection
Lovebirds
• nonspecifical illness, possibly death of young adult
birds
Songbirds
• sudden death of chicken and young adult birds
• not very frequent
Necrotic changes of liver, hydropericardium and
hemorragie in myocardium.
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Polyomavirus infection
Polyomavirus infection
Transmission
Incubation period
•
spreading in feather powder, feaces and oral secretions
• in budgerigars short – some days
•
widely spreading in chicken and in birds to 6 monts of age →
• in others about 2 weeks
spreading and maintenance infection in aviary
• in majority of adults budgerigars subclinically
•
post puberty is spreading decreased
•
infection via inhalation
•
vertical transmission
infection
• in others species birds subclinically infection in
majority of chickens
Polyomavirus infection
Polyomavirus infection
Diagnostic
Diagnostic
• history
• clinical sings
Postmortem findings
Histology
• miliary to confluent necrosis of liver
• Haemorhage on the pericard, proventriculus et.
• glomerulonefropaty from immunocomplexs
• Necrotic focus in the liver
• bazofil intranuklear inclusion body
• hyperemic, swolen kidney
• dilatation of heart
PCR
• sampling of blood, feaces, feathers, skin or organs
• pair sampling after 30 days
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Polyomavirus infection
Precaution
•
any specifical antiviral therapy
•
in budgerigards help stop of breeding minimally to 7 months
•
mechanically cleaning + desinfection
•
leave only eldery birds
•
virus is resistant to many desinfection agens
•
effective – chemical compound of chlorine, ethanol
•
support of immunity
Posible vaccination
Polyomavirus infection
Precaution
• not breed together small and large species of parrots
• quarantine + repeated investigation by PCR in new
birds and birds returned from exibitions
• vaccination (in US) - predominantly in
large parrots
Pacheco disease
Transmission
Psittimune APV
•
spreading in feces and secrets
•
Infection via inhalation and direct contact
•
source of infection are latently
infected individuals
•
vectors primarily some species of conures
– resistant to clinical disease
•
trigger of disease is stress
•
often after transport
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Pacheco disease
Pacheco disease
Acute course
Post mortem findings
•
• swollen yellow-brown, pale red or greenish liver with
nonspecific sings – apathy, anorexia, ruffled feathers,
intermittent diarrhea, PU/PD
•
loose feaces with yellow color and urates (necrosis of liver)
•
occasionally sinusitis, haemorragical diarrhea, conjunctivitis,
spasm, tremor
•
subseros haemorrhage and necrotic focus
• spleen and kidney swollen
• Intestine hyperemic
death of high percentage birds in aviary
Peracute course
•
death without sings
Pacheco disease
Histology
• congestion, haemorrhagical and coagulant liver
necrosis
• eosinofil intranuclear inclusion body
Internal papillomatosis of parrots
• IP is a disease that primarily affects macaws, Amazon
parrots, and less commonly conures.
• Most lesions are confined to the oral and cloacal
mucosa.
• Cloacal lesions are the most common manifestation of IP
in Amazon parrots and generally are present in the
macaw as well.
• First clinical sings is blood in the bottom of the cage
from an ulcerated cloacal papilloma or when the
papilloma prolapses through the cloaca.
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Macroscopical lesion on liver in case of internal
papillomatosis of parrots. Clinical problems made the fact,
that this lesion are not detectable with plain x-ray and
biochemistry investigation.
Cholangiocarcinoma in young greenwinged macaw
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Pacheco disease
Pacheco disease
Diagnostic
Therapy
• clinical sings – feaces and urates of yellow color
• acyclovir p.o. – best before start of clinical sings
• X-ray – hepatomegaly
• decreasing of mortality
• BCH - ↑ of liver enzymes
• nefrotoxic – with caution nefropathy
• post mortem, histology – intranuclear IB
• supportive therapy
• proof of virus in feaces or in organs – EM, VNT,
Precaution
ELISA, IF
• proof of Ab is not relevant – decreasing regardless
• vaccination of birds with high risk – before import
(US) (side effects – granuloms, paralysis)
• proofing of birds, quarantine
proceed latent infection
Poxvirus
Poxvirus
Characteristic
Etiology
• not very often viral disease
• viruses Avipox family
• hyperplasia of epithelium of skin of head, foot, and
• the greatest viruses (250-300 nm)
mucous of nasal cavity and beak
• enveloped
2 forms:
• ds-DNA
• skin (dry) form
• replication in cytoplasma
• mucous (wet) form
• eosinofilic intracelular inclusion body Bollinger body
• most often in imported canary
(patognomic)
• possibility of latent infection
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Poxvirus
Poxvirus
Susceptible
Transmission
• probably all species of birds
•
virus in blood and in the crust
• species of family specific
•
vectors are primarily latently infected birds
•
transmission mainly blood sucking arthropod – mosquitos
•
virus in the salivary glands of mosquitos persisted 2-8 weeks
•
infection possible to through the eroded epithelium
•
outside the body low resistance
•
in crust is infected more as one year
• in praxis most often in canary (imports) and free
living birds
• frequently occurrence
in young birds
Poxvirus
Poxvirus
Pathogenesis
Skin (dry) form
• replication in epitheliun in place of infection
•
Canary and free living birds
•
fast enlarged mass on the head (around eyes, nostrils and
• Stimulation of production hormon analogic EGF →
synthesis DNA → hyperplasia epithelium
• primary viremia → replication in liver (can kill the
bird) → secundary viremia → generalisation on the
corner of beak), on the leg and on the
skin and mucous on the body
• if the birds survive, than have lifelong immunity
nake place of body
•
scab noduls to multiple great mass
•
progressive ulceration and necrotisation
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Poxvirus
Poxvirus
Skin (dry) form
Mucous (wet) form
• enlarge and diseminate during 1-2 weeks
• canary breeded in outside aviary
• import of young of bluefronted amazon, lovebirds,
• if bird survive → in 4-6 weeks spontaneous
regression
amazónků (Pionus) and mynah
• unilateral x bilateral blepharitis
• chemosa, conjunctivitis
• permanent effect usually minimal
• later difteric inflamation of beak cavity, trachea and
erosive lesion of eyelid
Poxvirus
Poxvirus
Mucous (wet) form
Systemic form
• anorexia, dyspnoea
• acute disease of canary
• secundary bacterial and fugal infection
• depresion, dyspnoea, anorexia, die in 2-3 days
• birds without therapy often die
• skin lesion only in birds, which survive acute phase
• past subside can be longtime effect on the eyes
• extension lesion of air sacs, pneumonia
(chron. conjunctivitis, symblepharon, cataract,
erosion of the cornea, obturation of lacrimal canaly)
• histologically – proliferation of epithelium of
bronchus and bronchiols
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Poxvirus
Poxvirus
Diagnostic
Therapy
•
clinical sings
•
none specific therapy
•
post mortem finding
•
supportive therapy – help birds to survive, the infection they
overcome himself
•
cytology, histology – Bollinger´s bodys
•
one time i.m. vitamin A
•
ATB, antimycotics – secundary infection
•
in anorectic birds rehydratation, feeding with feeding tube
•
crusts must fall off
•
during rip can be make great destruction of tissue (eyelids)
•
past surgical removing possibility of new growing
Vaccine in West Europe
Poxvirus
Precaution
• prevent contact with mosquitos
• in canary vaccination (canary pox virus)
• possibility of vaccination in parrot before import →
degresing of mortality
• during feeding ill youn, give feeding him as last,
especial feeding tube for every bird
• hygiene
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Method of application of vaccine
Chlamydiosis
Synonyma
• ornithosis
• psitacosis
Characteristic
• Chlamydophila psittaci
• in birds unspecifical illness
• by weakening or stress
• zoonotic potencial
Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Susceptible
Etiology
•
Possible all birds (found in 460 species)
• Chlamydophila psittaci (previously Chlamydia psittaci)
•
most common in parrots, pigeons and turkey
• obligate intracelular bacterial parasite
•
Susceptible too mammals, reptiles and insects
•
zoonosis – atypical pneumonia, flu like disease, sometimes
neuritis, meningitis and hearth complication
•
in birds are problems rarely if are in good health condition
• cell wall similar to G- bacteria
• inable syntetisate high energic fosfats bonds →
required energy from host cells
(biosecurity, nutrition, stress)
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Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Biology
Biology
• 2 phase cycle – elementary x reticulary body
Elementary body
Reticular body
• metabolical active, multiplication binare division →
• outside of cell, infectious
great intracytoplasmatic IB with high number of
• metabolically inactive, non multiply
daughter cells→ elementary body → by division of
• excrete in urine, feaces, exsudate from eyes and
respiratory tract
• infection via oral or via inhalation → epitelial cells →
host cell go to the daughter host cells
• by desintegration of cell releasing to the buňky do
intercellular space or environment
cytoplasmatic endosom → reticulary body
Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Biology
Clinical sings
•
Chlamydophila defend fusion of endosom with lysosom
• depended on the strain of Chlamydophilla and
•
infected cell can be replicated → Chlamydophilla cross to the
daughter cells without release of immunogen elementary body
species of host and his condition
→ persistent latent infection
• asymptomatical to grave infection with ↑ mortality
•
during stress is possible intermittent excreting
• in most cases unspecifical signs
•
elementary body are little resistant – resistance increased in
• depresion, anorexia, decreasing of body condition,
feaces
•
ruffled feathers
posibility of vertical transmission or during contact between
chicken and hens
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Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Clinical sings
Clinical sings
• by systemic infection of liver, kidney and GIT
• by affected respiratory system rhinitis, sinusitis,
wattery greenish or yellowish urine and feaces
keratoconjunctivitis, dyspnoa and respiratory
murmurs
Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Clinical sings
Diagnostic
• occasionally neural sings – spasm, tremor,
• think to chlamydiosis in DD of each ill birds
opistotonus, paresis of pelvic limbs
• in asymptomatical often negative laboratory findings
• in clinically ill:
• often only decreasing number of eggs and higher
mortality of chickens
• HMT - anemia, leukocytosis, heterofilia, can be
monocytosis
• BCH - ↑ AST, ↑ LDH, ↑ plasmatic bile acids
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Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Diagnostic
• postmortem –
polyserositis,
bronchopneumonia,
enteritis
• hepatomegaly
• splenomegaly
• RTG, laparoscopy – hepatomegalia, splenomegalia,
opacity and thickening of air sacs
• postmortem – polyserositis, bronchopneumonia,
enteritis, keratoconjunctivitis
• spectrum of findings is variabile – but not in all
• sampling – feaces, swab from cloaca, swab from
conjunctiva, choanal split, naris, samples of liver,
splean and kidney (postmortem, bioptical)
Chlamydiosis
Diagnostic
• histology, cytology – modification of Ziehl-Nielsen,
modification of Gimenez, Machiavelo, IFAT
• Inklusion body in spleen, liver, air sacs
• staining = screening
• Confirmation by cultivation or proof of antigen or
DNA
• serology – pair sampling → increasing titr Ab
• ELISA, LA, komplement fixační test
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Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Diagnostic
Diagnostic
• proof of antigen – ELISA – only for detection of
Ch. trachomatis in humans
• together with serology have great fault
• PCR – extreme sensitivity → risk of contamination of
sample or lab
• kultivation – cell cultures, embryes
• infallible, demanding to the time, finances, facility
and labour
Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Therapy and precaution
Therapy and precaution
• all birds in contact with positive birds are consider
• ATB are able kill only the reticular body, but Chlam.
as infected
• Infected birds are isolated – especial place,
instruments, ideally too others peoples
can stay in cells long time as elementary body and
transfer to the daughter cells → long-lasting therapy
• formerly tetracyclins – doxycyclin, OTC, CTC
• during manipulation using surgical mask
• medication of feed, p.o., i.m.
• supportive terapy – attempt restore the body
• doxycyklin 45 days
condition of ill birds
• enrofloxacin 14-21 days
• minimisation of stress
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Chlamydiosis
Chlamydiosis
Therapy and precaution
Notifiable disease !!!
• cell mediated immunity - T-lymfocyts
• antibody have not protective impact
• Without vaccine (too in humans), which be able
protected persistent infection and persistent
ZOONOSIS !!!
Necessity of cooperation with state
veterinary autority !!!
spreading of chlamydia
Megabacteriosis
Characteristic
•
yeast disease of sing birds, budgerigards, neofema, small
species of conures and cockatiels
•
wasting, nondigested seeds in feaces
•
infection is possible in greats species of parrots, ostrichs
•
detected to in European goldfinch
•
↓ production of acids in proventriculus → ↓ function of
enzymes → disorder of digestion
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Megabacteriosis
Megabacteriosis
Etiology
Clinical sings
• Macrorhabdus ornitogaster
• wasting („going light“ syndrome in budgie)
• yeast organismus
• apathy, inapetention, regurgitation
• formerly consider as great bacterial rod
• nondigested seeds in feaces
• great rod (20-50 μm)
• feaces thin to wattery, dark greenisch or brown- black
• 3-layers wall – outside layer translucent
• Gram positive, PAS positive, silver staining
• localization in proventriculus and gizzard
• cultivation extreme difficult
Megabacteriosis
Megabacteriosis
Diagnostic
• cytology → Gram, Diff-Quick
Diagnostics
• intravitally – feaces, flash from crop → low number
• postmortally – scrape off the proventriculus wall
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Megabacteriosis
Megabacteriosis
Diagnostics
Diagnostics
• postmortem – finding in proventriculus
• often dilatation of proventriculus, strengthen wall
• thick turbid layer of mucin of the mucous
• bleeding in the mucous
Preventive controls
Megabacteriosis
Therapy
• Acidification of the water – vinegar, mixture of short
chain organic acid
• easy digestible feed
• terbinafin, nystatin, amfotericin B, itraconazol p.o.
• New method of therapy is using benzoan acid.
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Thanks for your attention !!!
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