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9. 12. 2013 Preventive measure 1) Isolation of susceptible or naive animals Infectious diseases in exotic birds II. 2) Diagnostic testing followed isolation or removal of test-positive animals 3) Genetic selection of disease-resistant population of animals Winter term 2013 4) Vaccination to prevent disease and restrict an organism´s amplification within a host or population of hosts. Important infectious disease Viral disease of skin • Psittacine circovirus formerly psittacine psittacine beak and feather disease beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) • Avian Polyomavirus • Herpesvirus infection • Poxvirus • Chlamydophilla psittacine circovirus – BFDV avian polyomavirus cutaneous form of pox • Macrorhabdus infection - Megabacteriosis 1 9. 12. 2013 Immunosupresion in chicken Papillomatosis infection with BFDV infection with pigeon circovirus Papillomavirus např. PePV Infection with APV Herpesvirus IPP – internal papillomatosis of parrots Hepatitis Neural sings of viral origin Pacheco disease (PsHV or PDV) Psittacine proventricular dilatation (PPD) Chlamydophilosis –stage of affection of CNS Adenovirus infection of parrots Infection with paramyxovirus PMV-3 Infection with APV Infection with Pacheco Infection with BFDV Infection with WNV – West Nile virus 2 9. 12. 2013 Infection with Paramyxo PMV-3 Central nervous symptoms in neophema • Paramyxovirus type 3 is presently the most common paramyxovirus in psittacines (Neophema spp. and other parakeets) and passerines (finches) and it can lead to severe illness in these birds. • The disease is characterized by acute or chronic pancreatitis and central nervous symptoms,such as torticollis as well as walking in circles. and by high mortality rates in the affected flocks Steatorrhea Clinically important viral disease Important viral disease of Psittaciformes • Psittacine circovirus • Avian polyomavirus Clinically important viral disease Important viral disease of Columbiformes • Paramyxoviral infection (PPMV-1) • Avian poxvirus (Pox virus) • Pacheco disease • Pigeon herpesvirus (PHV-1) • Poxvirus • Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) • Papillomatosis • Pigeon adenovirus 3 9. 12. 2013 Clinically important viral disease Diagnostics Important viral disease of Passeriformes • History and clinical sings • Canary poxvirus • Postmortem finding + histology • Paramyxovirus infection (PMV-3) • Serological investigation • Finch polyomavirus (FPyV ) • Virological investigation • Fringilla papillomavirus (FPV) – electron microskopy • Circovirus of starlings (SCV) – cultivation (poxvirus) – polymerase chain reaction (PCR, RT-PCR) Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Susceptible species Synonymum • Czech - nemoc zobáku a peří papoušků • Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) • majority of species of parrot (all?) • frequently cockatoo, african grey parrots (AGP) • budgerigar a eclectus Characteristic • disorder of plumage • degenerative change of the beak • immunosupresion 4 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Etiology Clinical sings • psittacine circovirus (BFDV) • course of disease depend on species and age of birds • acute x chronical • acute mainly in chicken to 6 month of age • chronical in older, frequently to 3 years • smallest virus (14-17 nm) • noneveloped → resistent to desinfection • circular ss-DNA • without propagation in vitro • naturally ocurence in Australia • disease of 1-year old cockatoo Circoviral infection Acute course • chicken and fledgling of cockatoo and AGP to 6 month of age •depresion, regurgition •quickly developement of change on the plumage on the whole body - needn't in AGP!!! • often peracute course and perishing without sings Apathy of chick of AGP and spontanously falling out feathers on the investigation table. 5 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Acute course • Haematology of chick APG with PBFD • severe leukocytopenia → immunosupression • death loss mainly to 6 month of age, often as results of secondary infection – Hemoglobin – Hematokrit /PCV – Erytrocyts – Leucocyts 81 g/l 0,23 l/l 1,650 x1012/l 1,500 x109/l – Leukogram • without changes on the beak Aren´t bee posible made it for low numbre of leucocytes. Circoviral infection Disorder of plumage • decrease amount of feather powder → horn of beak is without shine • feather is falling out • dysplasia of feathers • dystrofic line in the feathers Circumferential constrictions on basis of feathers. 6 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Disorder of plumage • hemorrhage within the pulp cavity • retention of feather sheaths Circumferential constrictions.→ fractures of the feather shaft→ hemorrhage Red tail feather of AGP with very prone constriction on the basis. Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Acute infection in AGP Acute infection in AGP • disorder of plumage lika in cockatoo • extra progresive, nonregenerative anemia • red discoloratio of grey • postmortem or on X-ray hepatomegalia • histological necrotic lesion in the liver feathers ← disorder of liver • often sudden death without sings as results of secundary infection 7 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Chronic infection • often in adult in age between 6 months to 3 years • typical for cockatoo, but occur in other species • initially lack of feather powder • molting is prolonged • dysplastic feathers (contour and powder), first sporadically, only in some feather tracts, progressively dispersed on the body Swolen liver with yellowish necrotic lesion – peracute course of infection. Circoviral infection Chronic infection • can finish complete baldness Chronical form of parrot circovirus infection in cockatoo loos of contour feathers on the body and in the crest. 8 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Chronic infection Chronic infection • deformation of plumage is identical as in acute curse • course of infection is progressive Degenerative alteration of beak • prognosis in most cases is bad • typical for cockatoo, others rarely • death in to 6-12 months past detection of sings • in late stage of disease • often death on the secundary infection (bacterial, • poor quality of horn • overgrowing, fissure, fracturs • necrosis of palate mucousa fungal) or on the starvation due to pain of beak • South American parrots are less susceptible, possibility of recovery → pain → anorexia 9 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Lovebirds, eklectus Budgerigar • infection is common • infection is not so common • change of plumage are • change of plumage is others as in cockatoo not so frequent • affected mainly wings and tails feathers → runners • clinically identically with polymavirus infection – • together with APV infection component of syndroms infection is to fatal „French moult “ • predominantly become ill young adult birds Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Transmission Replication of virus • • in germinative epitel of follicles → change of plumage • in germinative epitel of beak → degeneration of beak • in bursa Fabricous (BF), thymus → immunossupresion • and other tissue affected birds spread virus in feaces and in feather powder → inhalational infection • vertical transmission • virus too in contents of crop → transmission during naturaly breeding of chicken in the nest Incubation period • minimally 3 week to months up to years • often subclinical infection with spreading of virus 10 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection Diagnostical method • clinical sings • HMT – leukocytopenia, relative lymfocytosis, anemia Circoviral infection Confirmation of diagnosis • Change of plumage → histology of feather folicle and feathers – intracelular and intranuclear inclusion body • BCH – AST, LDH, bille acid in serum, ↓TP • RTG – hepatomegalia • Post mortem – atrophy of BF, hepatomegalia Circoviral infection Circoviral infection Confirmation of diagnosis Therapy • sampling of blood, feaces, feathers or tisues for PCR • any specifical antiviral therapy (contamination !) • attempt of good body codition – nutrition, vitamins • better pair sampling for PCR after 30-90 days • secundary infection – zoohygiene, ATB,antimycotics • electron microscopy →require great mount of virus • imunostimulation – β-glukany, vitamins • ideal combination histology + PCR or EM 11 9. 12. 2013 Circoviral infection β-glucan Precaution (1,3/1,6) β-glucan • not breed together small and large species of parrots • after purchase or after exibition 30-90 days of quarantine • in quarantine make pair investigation by using PCR • positive bird put in the quarantine • aviary is closed for public • before entry thorough hygiene • virus is highly resistant agains common desifection agens King parrot (Alisterus scapularis) lutino mutation Polyomavirus infection PBFD + Synonyms • Budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD) • French moult (together with BFDV) Characteristic PBFD + • change of plumage • death of young birds or chickens • failure of coagulability of blood → haemorrhage PBFD + • course depend on the age and species 12 9. 12. 2013 Polyomavirus infection Polyomavirus infection Etiology • possibility of infection of all birds species • avian polyomavirus • (parrots, songbird, birds of prey, gulls etc.) 40-48 nm • non enveloped • → resistant again desinfection • circular ds-DNA Polyomavirus infection Polyomavirus infection Clinical sings Acute illness of budgerigars • course depended of the species and age of infected • in chicken to 10.-20. days of age individual Budgerigar • death of chicken in good body condition • acute course • high mortality of chicken to 10.-20. day of age • without apparent clinical sings • chronical course • change of plumage in elderly birds (fledgling) • haemorrhage in subcutis 13 9. 12. 2013 Polyomavirus infection Polyomavirus infection Chronical illness of budgerigars Change of plumage • change of plumage in eldery birds and in fledgling • clinically identical to BFDV infection • after molting normal plumage Polyomavirus infection Others parrots (mainly macaws, conures) • sudden deaths in hand rearing chicken between 2.-12. week of age • without sings or death to 24 hours past occurence • weakness, paleness, inapetence, dehydratation, subcutaneous hemorhagy, crop stasis • change of plumage seldom Chicks of Blue and Gold Macaw and Blue-throated Macaw 14 9. 12. 2013 Chicks of Blue and Gold Macaw and Blue-throated Macaw Necropsy of Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Polyomavirus infection Lovebirds • nonspecifical illness, possibly death of young adult birds Songbirds • sudden death of chicken and young adult birds • not very frequent Necrotic changes of liver, hydropericardium and hemorragie in myocardium. 15 9. 12. 2013 Polyomavirus infection Polyomavirus infection Transmission Incubation period • spreading in feather powder, feaces and oral secretions • in budgerigars short – some days • widely spreading in chicken and in birds to 6 monts of age → • in others about 2 weeks spreading and maintenance infection in aviary • in majority of adults budgerigars subclinically • post puberty is spreading decreased • infection via inhalation • vertical transmission infection • in others species birds subclinically infection in majority of chickens Polyomavirus infection Polyomavirus infection Diagnostic Diagnostic • history • clinical sings Postmortem findings Histology • miliary to confluent necrosis of liver • Haemorhage on the pericard, proventriculus et. • glomerulonefropaty from immunocomplexs • Necrotic focus in the liver • bazofil intranuklear inclusion body • hyperemic, swolen kidney • dilatation of heart PCR • sampling of blood, feaces, feathers, skin or organs • pair sampling after 30 days 16 9. 12. 2013 Polyomavirus infection Precaution • any specifical antiviral therapy • in budgerigards help stop of breeding minimally to 7 months • mechanically cleaning + desinfection • leave only eldery birds • virus is resistant to many desinfection agens • effective – chemical compound of chlorine, ethanol • support of immunity Posible vaccination Polyomavirus infection Precaution • not breed together small and large species of parrots • quarantine + repeated investigation by PCR in new birds and birds returned from exibitions • vaccination (in US) - predominantly in large parrots Pacheco disease Transmission Psittimune APV • spreading in feces and secrets • Infection via inhalation and direct contact • source of infection are latently infected individuals • vectors primarily some species of conures – resistant to clinical disease • trigger of disease is stress • often after transport 17 9. 12. 2013 Pacheco disease Pacheco disease Acute course Post mortem findings • • swollen yellow-brown, pale red or greenish liver with nonspecific sings – apathy, anorexia, ruffled feathers, intermittent diarrhea, PU/PD • loose feaces with yellow color and urates (necrosis of liver) • occasionally sinusitis, haemorragical diarrhea, conjunctivitis, spasm, tremor • subseros haemorrhage and necrotic focus • spleen and kidney swollen • Intestine hyperemic death of high percentage birds in aviary Peracute course • death without sings Pacheco disease Histology • congestion, haemorrhagical and coagulant liver necrosis • eosinofil intranuclear inclusion body Internal papillomatosis of parrots • IP is a disease that primarily affects macaws, Amazon parrots, and less commonly conures. • Most lesions are confined to the oral and cloacal mucosa. • Cloacal lesions are the most common manifestation of IP in Amazon parrots and generally are present in the macaw as well. • First clinical sings is blood in the bottom of the cage from an ulcerated cloacal papilloma or when the papilloma prolapses through the cloaca. 18 9. 12. 2013 Macroscopical lesion on liver in case of internal papillomatosis of parrots. Clinical problems made the fact, that this lesion are not detectable with plain x-ray and biochemistry investigation. Cholangiocarcinoma in young greenwinged macaw 19 9. 12. 2013 Pacheco disease Pacheco disease Diagnostic Therapy • clinical sings – feaces and urates of yellow color • acyclovir p.o. – best before start of clinical sings • X-ray – hepatomegaly • decreasing of mortality • BCH - ↑ of liver enzymes • nefrotoxic – with caution nefropathy • post mortem, histology – intranuclear IB • supportive therapy • proof of virus in feaces or in organs – EM, VNT, Precaution ELISA, IF • proof of Ab is not relevant – decreasing regardless • vaccination of birds with high risk – before import (US) (side effects – granuloms, paralysis) • proofing of birds, quarantine proceed latent infection Poxvirus Poxvirus Characteristic Etiology • not very often viral disease • viruses Avipox family • hyperplasia of epithelium of skin of head, foot, and • the greatest viruses (250-300 nm) mucous of nasal cavity and beak • enveloped 2 forms: • ds-DNA • skin (dry) form • replication in cytoplasma • mucous (wet) form • eosinofilic intracelular inclusion body Bollinger body • most often in imported canary (patognomic) • possibility of latent infection 20 9. 12. 2013 Poxvirus Poxvirus Susceptible Transmission • probably all species of birds • virus in blood and in the crust • species of family specific • vectors are primarily latently infected birds • transmission mainly blood sucking arthropod – mosquitos • virus in the salivary glands of mosquitos persisted 2-8 weeks • infection possible to through the eroded epithelium • outside the body low resistance • in crust is infected more as one year • in praxis most often in canary (imports) and free living birds • frequently occurrence in young birds Poxvirus Poxvirus Pathogenesis Skin (dry) form • replication in epitheliun in place of infection • Canary and free living birds • fast enlarged mass on the head (around eyes, nostrils and • Stimulation of production hormon analogic EGF → synthesis DNA → hyperplasia epithelium • primary viremia → replication in liver (can kill the bird) → secundary viremia → generalisation on the corner of beak), on the leg and on the skin and mucous on the body • if the birds survive, than have lifelong immunity nake place of body • scab noduls to multiple great mass • progressive ulceration and necrotisation 21 9. 12. 2013 Poxvirus Poxvirus Skin (dry) form Mucous (wet) form • enlarge and diseminate during 1-2 weeks • canary breeded in outside aviary • import of young of bluefronted amazon, lovebirds, • if bird survive → in 4-6 weeks spontaneous regression amazónků (Pionus) and mynah • unilateral x bilateral blepharitis • chemosa, conjunctivitis • permanent effect usually minimal • later difteric inflamation of beak cavity, trachea and erosive lesion of eyelid Poxvirus Poxvirus Mucous (wet) form Systemic form • anorexia, dyspnoea • acute disease of canary • secundary bacterial and fugal infection • depresion, dyspnoea, anorexia, die in 2-3 days • birds without therapy often die • skin lesion only in birds, which survive acute phase • past subside can be longtime effect on the eyes • extension lesion of air sacs, pneumonia (chron. conjunctivitis, symblepharon, cataract, erosion of the cornea, obturation of lacrimal canaly) • histologically – proliferation of epithelium of bronchus and bronchiols 22 9. 12. 2013 Poxvirus Poxvirus Diagnostic Therapy • clinical sings • none specific therapy • post mortem finding • supportive therapy – help birds to survive, the infection they overcome himself • cytology, histology – Bollinger´s bodys • one time i.m. vitamin A • ATB, antimycotics – secundary infection • in anorectic birds rehydratation, feeding with feeding tube • crusts must fall off • during rip can be make great destruction of tissue (eyelids) • past surgical removing possibility of new growing Vaccine in West Europe Poxvirus Precaution • prevent contact with mosquitos • in canary vaccination (canary pox virus) • possibility of vaccination in parrot before import → degresing of mortality • during feeding ill youn, give feeding him as last, especial feeding tube for every bird • hygiene 23 9. 12. 2013 Method of application of vaccine Chlamydiosis Synonyma • ornithosis • psitacosis Characteristic • Chlamydophila psittaci • in birds unspecifical illness • by weakening or stress • zoonotic potencial Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Susceptible Etiology • Possible all birds (found in 460 species) • Chlamydophila psittaci (previously Chlamydia psittaci) • most common in parrots, pigeons and turkey • obligate intracelular bacterial parasite • Susceptible too mammals, reptiles and insects • zoonosis – atypical pneumonia, flu like disease, sometimes neuritis, meningitis and hearth complication • in birds are problems rarely if are in good health condition • cell wall similar to G- bacteria • inable syntetisate high energic fosfats bonds → required energy from host cells (biosecurity, nutrition, stress) 24 9. 12. 2013 Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Biology Biology • 2 phase cycle – elementary x reticulary body Elementary body Reticular body • metabolical active, multiplication binare division → • outside of cell, infectious great intracytoplasmatic IB with high number of • metabolically inactive, non multiply daughter cells→ elementary body → by division of • excrete in urine, feaces, exsudate from eyes and respiratory tract • infection via oral or via inhalation → epitelial cells → host cell go to the daughter host cells • by desintegration of cell releasing to the buňky do intercellular space or environment cytoplasmatic endosom → reticulary body Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Biology Clinical sings • Chlamydophila defend fusion of endosom with lysosom • depended on the strain of Chlamydophilla and • infected cell can be replicated → Chlamydophilla cross to the daughter cells without release of immunogen elementary body species of host and his condition → persistent latent infection • asymptomatical to grave infection with ↑ mortality • during stress is possible intermittent excreting • in most cases unspecifical signs • elementary body are little resistant – resistance increased in • depresion, anorexia, decreasing of body condition, feaces • ruffled feathers posibility of vertical transmission or during contact between chicken and hens 25 9. 12. 2013 Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Clinical sings Clinical sings • by systemic infection of liver, kidney and GIT • by affected respiratory system rhinitis, sinusitis, wattery greenish or yellowish urine and feaces keratoconjunctivitis, dyspnoa and respiratory murmurs Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Clinical sings Diagnostic • occasionally neural sings – spasm, tremor, • think to chlamydiosis in DD of each ill birds opistotonus, paresis of pelvic limbs • in asymptomatical often negative laboratory findings • in clinically ill: • often only decreasing number of eggs and higher mortality of chickens • HMT - anemia, leukocytosis, heterofilia, can be monocytosis • BCH - ↑ AST, ↑ LDH, ↑ plasmatic bile acids 26 9. 12. 2013 Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Diagnostic • postmortem – polyserositis, bronchopneumonia, enteritis • hepatomegaly • splenomegaly • RTG, laparoscopy – hepatomegalia, splenomegalia, opacity and thickening of air sacs • postmortem – polyserositis, bronchopneumonia, enteritis, keratoconjunctivitis • spectrum of findings is variabile – but not in all • sampling – feaces, swab from cloaca, swab from conjunctiva, choanal split, naris, samples of liver, splean and kidney (postmortem, bioptical) Chlamydiosis Diagnostic • histology, cytology – modification of Ziehl-Nielsen, modification of Gimenez, Machiavelo, IFAT • Inklusion body in spleen, liver, air sacs • staining = screening • Confirmation by cultivation or proof of antigen or DNA • serology – pair sampling → increasing titr Ab • ELISA, LA, komplement fixační test 27 9. 12. 2013 Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Diagnostic Diagnostic • proof of antigen – ELISA – only for detection of Ch. trachomatis in humans • together with serology have great fault • PCR – extreme sensitivity → risk of contamination of sample or lab • kultivation – cell cultures, embryes • infallible, demanding to the time, finances, facility and labour Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Therapy and precaution Therapy and precaution • all birds in contact with positive birds are consider • ATB are able kill only the reticular body, but Chlam. as infected • Infected birds are isolated – especial place, instruments, ideally too others peoples can stay in cells long time as elementary body and transfer to the daughter cells → long-lasting therapy • formerly tetracyclins – doxycyclin, OTC, CTC • during manipulation using surgical mask • medication of feed, p.o., i.m. • supportive terapy – attempt restore the body • doxycyklin 45 days condition of ill birds • enrofloxacin 14-21 days • minimisation of stress 28 9. 12. 2013 Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis Therapy and precaution Notifiable disease !!! • cell mediated immunity - T-lymfocyts • antibody have not protective impact • Without vaccine (too in humans), which be able protected persistent infection and persistent ZOONOSIS !!! Necessity of cooperation with state veterinary autority !!! spreading of chlamydia Megabacteriosis Characteristic • yeast disease of sing birds, budgerigards, neofema, small species of conures and cockatiels • wasting, nondigested seeds in feaces • infection is possible in greats species of parrots, ostrichs • detected to in European goldfinch • ↓ production of acids in proventriculus → ↓ function of enzymes → disorder of digestion 29 9. 12. 2013 Megabacteriosis Megabacteriosis Etiology Clinical sings • Macrorhabdus ornitogaster • wasting („going light“ syndrome in budgie) • yeast organismus • apathy, inapetention, regurgitation • formerly consider as great bacterial rod • nondigested seeds in feaces • great rod (20-50 μm) • feaces thin to wattery, dark greenisch or brown- black • 3-layers wall – outside layer translucent • Gram positive, PAS positive, silver staining • localization in proventriculus and gizzard • cultivation extreme difficult Megabacteriosis Megabacteriosis Diagnostic • cytology → Gram, Diff-Quick Diagnostics • intravitally – feaces, flash from crop → low number • postmortally – scrape off the proventriculus wall 30 9. 12. 2013 Megabacteriosis Megabacteriosis Diagnostics Diagnostics • postmortem – finding in proventriculus • often dilatation of proventriculus, strengthen wall • thick turbid layer of mucin of the mucous • bleeding in the mucous Preventive controls Megabacteriosis Therapy • Acidification of the water – vinegar, mixture of short chain organic acid • easy digestible feed • terbinafin, nystatin, amfotericin B, itraconazol p.o. • New method of therapy is using benzoan acid. 31 9. 12. 2013 Thanks for your attention !!! 32