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The Emancipation Proclamation On September 17, 1862, 75,000 Union troops under the command of George McClellan, clashed with about 40,000 Confederate troops under the command of Robert E. Lee at Sharpsburg, Maryland. The horrible battle, which was the bloodiest day in American history, became known as the Battle of Antietam because of the creek (Antietam Creek) that ran through the battle site. The landmark battle was not a military victory for either side, but rather a moral and tactical victory for the north. Lee's exhausted army of Northern Virginia was forced to retreat to the Virginia side of the Potomac River. General McClellan, however, failed to order pursuit to the fleeing Confederates, which ultimately allowed them to regroup. Despite the inconclusive nature of the battle, President Abraham Lincoln declared the battle a significant victory of the Union. Lincoln's victorious assertion was important for northern morale because of significant defeats in Virginia, and increasing criticism from "Copperheads", Democrats who favored peaceful negotiations with the South. Furthermore, the Battle of Antietam provided an opportunity for President Lincoln to free all slaves still subjugated in the South. Five days after the battle, on September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which freed all slaves in "enemy territory" as of January 1, 1863. The announcement was hailed by abolitionists (people who opposed slavery). However, it is important to note that the new law did not free slaves being held in the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. Lincoln was concerned that the issuance of a universal emancipation of all slaves would persuade those states to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy. 1. Who issued the Emancipation Proclamation? 2. The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in "enemy territory" effective _________________ . 3. Identify the border states, and what does that term mean? 4. What was one reason that the Confederates were able to regroup after the Battle of Antietam? 5. What does "inconclusive" mean in this sentence? Despite the inconclusive nature of the battle, president Abraham Lincoln declared the battle a significant victory of the Union. 6. What was a “Copperhead”? 7. Why did the Emancipation Proclamation not free slaves in the border states? 8. In 25 words or less, summarize the Battle of Antietam. The Election of 1860 By 1860, the United States was in the midst of serious political turmoil. The issue of slavery threatened to rip the nation apart. The 1860 presidential election was THE critical issue. The Democratic Party had been split into two factions, the Northern Democrats and the Southern Democrats. The Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president, and the Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge from Kentucky. Douglas would become the first presidential candidate to “campaign,” by embarking on a national speaking tour. The newly formed anti-slavery Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln, a Representative from Illinois, legendary for his oratory. Lincoln won the nomination over three more well-known candidates, William Seward, Salmon P. Chase and Edward Bates (all of whom would become members of his cabinet). The Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell from Tennessee. On November 6, 1860, Abraham Lincoln was officially elected as president, despite the fact that he wasn’t even listed on the ballot in nine southern states. Because the bulk of the voting population lived in the Northern states, those states had higher electoral values. Lincoln won the three states with the highest electoral values, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. He won 17 states in all. John C. Breckinridge won every southern state except Virginia and Tennessee. Those states were won by John Bell. The election of 1860 turned out to be the second highest on record in terms of voter turnout. The results of the election brought the country to Civil War. South Carolina, whose voters believed that a Republican president would restrict slavery in the new territories, and then attempt to prohibit it completely, supported secession. They believed slavery was an American “institution,” and that their agricultural economy would collapse without it. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina issued a Declaration of Secession from the United States. Ten other states would follow its lead within a few months. The new President had a mighty task of preserving a fractured Union. War was the only way.