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Exploration and Expansion Essential Questions What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? What were the major differences between the overseas empires established by the Portuguese and Spanish? What were the general consequences of European expansion into Africa? Technology Compass (China) Astrolabe (Arabs) Cartography (Ptolemy & Byzantine & Arabs) – latitude and longitude Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) Gunpowder (China) Multiple masts Reasons for Expansion Trade with Asia • Marco Polo • Europeans desire eastern spices • Trade cut off by Arab empires Renaissance & Reformation Economic and political expansion Spain’s Three G’s • Gold – look for wealth • Glory – discover something new (conquistadors) • God – spread Christianity Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and over to India (spices) Prince Henry the Navigator – 1419, established a school for sailors Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa) Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India Alfonso d’ Albuquerque – 1510, set-up a land base in Goa, India to control spice trade (took away from Muslims), eventually set-up in China Portuguese Spanish Exploration We’ll start with the two super-frauds! Columbus (1492) • Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey • Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba • Called natives “Indians” • Never realized he wasn’t in Asia • Amerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found the “New World” (Amerigo = America) Magellan • 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain • Sailed around South America (Straight of Magellan) • Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean • Killed in the Philippines • Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world “Magellan’s” Route Dividing the New World Spain and Portugal each claimed Turned to pope for help 1493 – Line of Demarcation was drawn 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas signed moving the line Brazil = Portuguese Rest of South America = Spanish Spanish Empire Columbian Exchange • Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans • Americas Received – disease, horses, cows, pigs, sugar Conquistadors • Cortes – took over Aztecs in Mexico • Pizarro – took over Incas in Peru Encomienda • Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish • Indians were converted to Catholicism European Rivals Dutch (Netherlands) • Early 17th century set-up trade company in India • Henry Hudson (1621) – claimed New Amsterdam on the Hudson River French • Looked for the Northwest Passage through America • Da Verrazano, Cartier (Montreal), Champlain (Quebec) • Jesuits sent and French traded with Indians for fur English • John Cabot • Francis Drake • James Cook – Sailed around the world • Jamestown (1607) • Plymouth (1621) Slave Trade Slavery not new to Africa • Sent to Middle East for domestic work Sugarcane (Portuguese) • Changed slavery for Europeans • Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil Grew fast • 16th century – about 275,000 • 17th century – over 1 million • 18th century – over 6 million African slave traders controlled slave trade Middle Passage – route to the Americas Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased Middle Passage Results of Expansion In Europe • Economically successful (mercantilism) • Created rivalries as countries fought over colonies In Asia • Increased trade with Europe • Beginning of “Western dominance” • Japan becomes Isolated In Africa • Dramatic increase of slave trade • European influence in the coastal areas In the Americas • Destroyed native population • Began European dominance