Download Exploration and Expansion

Exploration and Expansion
Essential Questions
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What factors contributed to the
Europeans entrance into their age of
discovery and expansion?
What were the major differences
between the overseas empires
established by the Portuguese and
Spanish?
What were the general consequences
of European expansion into Africa?
Technology
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Compass (China)
Astrolabe (Arabs)
Cartography (Ptolemy &
Byzantine & Arabs) –
latitude and longitude
Triangle-shaped sails
(Arabs)
Gunpowder (China)
Multiple masts
Reasons for Expansion
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Trade with Asia
• Marco Polo
• Europeans desire eastern spices
• Trade cut off by Arab empires
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Renaissance & Reformation
Economic and political
expansion
Spain’s Three G’s
• Gold – look for wealth
• Glory – discover something new
(conquistadors)
• God – spread Christianity
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Traveled down coast of Africa
(Gold Coast) and over to India
(spices)
Prince Henry the Navigator –
1419, established a school for
sailors
Bartholomew Diaz – 1487,
Cape of Good Hope (tip of
Africa)
Vasco da Gama – 1498,
around Africa to India
Alfonso d’ Albuquerque –
1510, set-up a land base in
Goa, India to control spice
trade (took away from
Muslims), eventually set-up in
China
Portuguese
Spanish Exploration
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We’ll start with the two super-frauds!
Columbus (1492)
• Convinced Queen Isabella to support his
journey
• Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba
• Called natives “Indians”
• Never realized he wasn’t in Asia
• Amerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found
the “New World” (Amerigo = America)
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Magellan
• 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
• Sailed around South America (Straight of
Magellan)
• Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean
• Killed in the Philippines
• Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the
world
“Magellan’s” Route
Dividing the New World
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Spain and Portugal each claimed
Turned to pope for help
1493 – Line of Demarcation was
drawn
1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas signed
moving the line
Brazil = Portuguese
Rest of South America = Spanish
Spanish Empire
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Columbian Exchange
• Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes,
sweet potatoes, beans
• Americas Received – disease, horses,
cows, pigs, sugar
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Conquistadors
• Cortes – took over Aztecs in Mexico
• Pizarro – took over Incas in Peru
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Encomienda
• Indians became slaves controlled by
Spanish
• Indians were converted to Catholicism
European Rivals
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Dutch (Netherlands)
• Early 17th century set-up trade
company in India
• Henry Hudson (1621) –
claimed New Amsterdam on
the Hudson River
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French
• Looked for the Northwest
Passage through America
• Da Verrazano, Cartier
(Montreal), Champlain
(Quebec)
• Jesuits sent and French traded
with Indians for fur
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English
• John Cabot
• Francis Drake
• James Cook – Sailed around
the world
• Jamestown (1607)
• Plymouth (1621)
Slave Trade
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Slavery not new to Africa
• Sent to Middle East for domestic
work
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Sugarcane (Portuguese)
• Changed slavery for Europeans
• Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
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Grew fast
• 16th century – about 275,000
• 17th century – over 1 million
• 18th century – over 6 million
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African slave traders controlled
slave trade
Middle Passage – route to the
Americas
Destroyed traditional African
societies as demand for slaves
increased
Middle Passage
Results of Expansion
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In Europe
• Economically successful (mercantilism)
• Created rivalries as countries fought over colonies
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In Asia
• Increased trade with Europe
• Beginning of “Western dominance”
• Japan becomes Isolated
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In Africa
• Dramatic increase of slave trade
• European influence in the coastal areas
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In the Americas
• Destroyed native population
• Began European dominance