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Status of Exotic Animals in Taiwan Through a Survey of Pet Trade Shih-hsiung Liang, Jiun-hong Chen, Ping-chun Hou, Ming-chung Tu, and Bao-sen Shieh Professor Dept. of Biotechnology National Kaohsiung Normal University Economic Damage of invasion animals • 1906 – 1991 3 invasive aquatic invertebrate – $1,207 million US (US Congress 1993) • 2001 – $ 336 Billion US US, UK, Australia, South Africa, India, and Brazil (Pimentel et al. 2001) Negative Impact of Invasion Animals • • • • • • • Predation Competition Hybridization Disease and parasite Ecosystem Modification Threat to human safety and health others Invasion Mechanism • Shipping – hulls, ballast water, and dry ballast • Non-Shipping – Commercial enterprises (agriculture, seafood, bait, and pet trade) Research and Education Use (public aquarium and universities) Private and Government activities (biocontrol, man-made canal, and restoration) (Shannon et al. 2005) Pet trade is an important pathway of animal invasion • Aquarium ornamental trade is the most important pathway of invasion by nonindigenous species worldwide (USGG 2003, Hayes et al. 2005) • 1/3 of the IUCN listed 100 worst invasive species originate from aquarium or ornamental release (Padilla and Williams, 2004) Invasion animals through pet trade in Taiwan objectives • to establish the species list of exotic animals, including aquatic invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, in pet trade of Taiwan • To identify pet animals with high invasion risk • To suggest management strategies to prevent further invasion of exotic pet animals Materials and Methods • Sampling Period: March 2004 – Feb. 2005, and survey continued annually until 2009 • Sampling location: Urban regions in Northern, Central, and Southern Taiwan • Sampling sites: pet shop, aquarium, night market, wholesaler, chain store • Sampling frequency: seasonal (4 times/yr) • Invasive potential : based on the recorded number, appeared frequency, native geographic region, and known invasive situation around the world Survey Result Animal Categories Invertebrate Shop No. Identified Species 278 Shop Records > 278 Fish 67 198 > 293 exotic Amphibian 434 543 52 Reptile 341 428 239 exotic 993 (23 unidentified) Bird 146 > 146 261 exotic Total 1266 > 1593 > 1838 1266 pet shops, more than 1600 shop-records, and greater than 1000 exotic species were documented Invertebrate • 993 recorded species, 109 commonly imported species (freshwater 13, Marine 96) • Freshwater: mainly Decapoda (62%) and Gastropoda (38%) (shrimp, crayfish, and snail) • Marine: Anthozoa (73%) and Decapoda (11%) (coral, shrimp, anemone, crab, clam, starfish, sea cucumber) • Tropical Asia region are the major imported locations; Freshwater 60% (119/199), Marine (Pacific and Indo-Pacific region 68.2% (677/993). • Freshwater species, especially snails, may have a higher invasive potential in Taiwan Exotic invertebrate with higher invasive potential Cribrinopsis crassa Lima scabra Indoplanorbis exustus Alcyonium palmatum Phyllorhiza punctata Cherax destructor Pomacea bridge Procambarus clarkii Fish • 836 commercial names, 293 exotic species in 48 families • Native geographic regions: mainly from tropical area Africa (110, 37.5%), Central & South America (101, 34.5%), Asia (59, 20.1%), others (23, 7.8%) • 16 invasion species, 12 are still commercialize • Invasion species Belontiidae (6, 37.5%), Cichilidae (4, 25%), Loricariidae (2), Cyprinidae (2), Poeciliidae (2) • Current invasion pet fishes are mainly Asian and Central & South American species with high pollution tolerance, flexible feeding habits, and young-protection behavior Exotic fish species with higher invasive potential Cichlasoma salvini 七彩波羅 Cichlasoma citrinellum 紅魔鬼 Cichlasoma managuense Geophagus brasiliensis 珍珠石斑 鑽石藍星 Barbodes schwanenfeldii Hypostomus plecostomus Trichogaster leeri 泰國鯽 琵琶鼠魚 珍珠馬甲 Trichogaster trichopterus 青萬隆 Trichogaster lalia 一片藍麗麗 Trichogaster labiosa 大紅麗麗 Poecilia reticulate 孔雀魚 Amphibian • 52 species in 15 families (3 native, 49 exotics, exotic/native ratio: 16) • Native geographic regions: North and South America (27, 51.9%), Africa (19, 36.5%), Asia (15, 28.8%), and others (3, 5.8%) • Families with higher recorded number Dendrobatidae (10), Hylidae (6), Leptodactylidae (6), Mantellidae (6) • 16 species are listed in CITES Appendix II • Most frequently displayed species: horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli), American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) • Invasion species: Asian painted frog (Kaloula pulchra), American bullfrog Exotic amphibian species with higher invasive potential Cynops orientalis 中國火龍 Litoria caerulea 懷特樹蛙 Dyscophus guineti Lepidobatrachus llanensis 蕃茄蛙 貓眼珍珠蛙 Ceratophrys cranwelli 綠角蛙 Xenopus laevis 非洲爪蟾 Lepidobatrachus laevis 圓眼珍珠蛙 Rana catesbeiana 美洲牛蛙 Reptile • 239 exotic species in 32 families: Lizard (126, 52.7%), turtle (85, 35.6%), snake (26, 10.9%), gator (2, 0.8%) • 111 species are listed in CITES Appendix I, II, and III • Larger pet shop carry most of species (89%, 213/239) • Seasonal turnover rate is high, averaged 31.5% (seasonal new species: Jun-Aug 29, Sep-Nov 22, Dec-Feb 22) • At least 14 species are considered dangerous to human Exotic reptile species with higher invasive potential Trachemys scripta elegans Carettochelys insculpta 紅耳泥龜 豬鼻龜 Geochelone elegans 印度星龜 Eublepharis macularius 豹紋守宮 Macroclemys temmincki 鱷龜 Iguana iguana 綠鬣蜥 Pseudemys concinna 甜甜龜 Lampropeltis getula californiae 加州王蛇 Uniqueness of pet Amphibian and Reptile in 3 major urban regions in Taiwan 50 Amphibian Total Reptile Species Total species Unique Species 45 Reptile 350 Unique Reptile Species 300 40 250 35 Spe c i e s Species 30 25 20 15 200 150 100 10 50 5 0 0 Northern Taiwan Central Taiwan Southern Taiwan Northern Taiwan Central Southern Taiwan Regions Regions Northern Central Taiwan Southern Northern Central Southern 1. Whole sales imported different animals from different countries in different seasons (mean averaged uniqueness %: approximately 30%). 2. The pet wholesalers in 3 major urban regions in Taiwan are independent, indicating each region has its own suppliers. Bird • 2005 survey: 261 exotic species in 28 families, 1995 survey: 85 exotic species, Increase more than 3 times in 10 yr Based on these two surveys, at least 290 exotic pet birds are imported into Taiwan in the last 10 years. • 93 species escaped, 28 (30.1%) in 11 families breeding in wild • Bird families with statistically significant higher escaping and breeding rate than the others Greater Escaping rate: Sturnidae (19, 19/23), Timaliidae (8, 8/14), Cacatuidae (7, 7/11), Pycnonotidae (4, 4/5) Higher breeding rate: Estrildidae (6, 6/10) Exotic bird species with higher invasive potential 1.爪哇雀 3.白頭文鳥 2.白尾八哥 4.大陸畫眉 5.栗腹文鳥 8.葵花鳳頭鸚鵡 7.紅色吸蜜鸚鵡 10.九官鳥 9.印度銀嘴文鳥 6.家八哥 Conclusions (I) • Pet trade is an important pathway of animal invasion in Taiwan Commercial exotic/native species ratio = Fish 100%; Amphibian 16; Reptile 33; Bird 4 • Regional pet wholesalers and chain stores need to be monitored 1. Wholesalers carried most exotic animal species 2. Seasonal imported different animal species from different countries 3. Regional wholesaler in major cities of Taiwan might be independent, especially for amphibian and reptile Conclusions (II) • Currently, Invasion pet animals in Taiwan are mainly originated from tropical Asia and central/south America • Potential regulation and management suggestions 1. establish foster home program by retailers 2. Education display at public aquarium and museum, pet shop, school, 3. Higher custom duty or selling tax 4. Risk assessment and management priority index (in progress) • “Prayer animal release” are required to be monitored and regulated Thank You This study is supported by Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yen Taiwan, ROC