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DO NOW Which rocks are made from sediment? Which rocks are made from magma? Which rock type can make metamorphic rock? What are rocks made of? Minerals Objective(s): Distinguish between elemental and compound minerals List the criteria for being considered a mineral List the physical and chemical properties used to identify minerals Atoms Building blocks for all materials on Earth – 3 components: • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons Elements Atoms combine to form elements – Can’t be broken down by chemical means Minerals Elements combine to form MINERALS Atoms Elements Minerals Mineral Criteria Naturally Occurring – Not man-made Inorganic – Not made from living things or the remains of them Solid – Definite size and shape Definite Chemical Composition – Quartz = SiO2 Crystalline Structure – Atoms arranged in repeating patterns A Mineral is Born – 2 Ways The cooling of magma. – As magma cools, atoms migrate together and form different compounds. The slower magma cools, the larger the crystal formation The faster magma cools, the smaller the crystal formation. Slow cooling = Large crystals Fast cooling = Small crystals A Mineral is Born – 2 Ways Minerals can precipitate out of a solution – When water is saturated with dissolved solids and can’t hold any more, the extra falls out of the solution. Saturated Solution Salt Water – Salt is completely dissolved Salt Water – Salt particles are floating Water can’t hold anymore salt, the extra settles to the bottom Mineral Composition Elemental – Composed of only 1 element Graphite (C) Copper (Cu) Gold (Au) Diamond (C) Compound – Composed of 2 or more elements Identifying Minerals Mineral Properties are determined by their “internal arrangement of atoms” Different Arrangements = Different Properties Graphite Diamond BOTH ARE MADE OF CARBON! Do Now List each type of rock and describe properties of each. Take out the lab from last Thursday. Describe the rock cycle. DO NOW What criteria defines a mineral? Naturally occurring Inorganic Solid Definite chemical composition Crystalline structure Mineral Properties Physical Properties 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Color Streak Luster Hardness Cleavage/Fracture Density Chemical Properties 1. Magnetism 2. Reaction to Acid Physical Properties 1. COLOR – Most visible property of a mineral Unreliable when used alone!!! Why? One mineral can have many colors Different minerals have similar colors Colors of Quartz 2. STREAK Color of a mineral in its powder form STREAK MAY BE DIFFERENT THAN THE MINERAL COLOR Varieties of Hematite – all same color streak 3. LUSTER How light is reflected off of the surface of a mineral Two types – Metallic Shines like brightly polished METAL – Non-metallic Glassy, dull, earthy, pearly Examples of Metallic Luster GALENA PYRITE GRAPHITE Examples of Non-Metallic Luster QUARTZ FELDSPAR 4. HARDNESS The resistance ability of a mineral when scratched THE SOFTER THE MINERAL, THE EASIER IT IS TO SCRATCH Higher numbers will scratch lower numbers Physical Properties 5. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Cleavage – Breaks in a pattern Fracture – Splits unevenly into irregular pieces with rough and jagged edges Cleavage – due to weak bonds in the crystal structure Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF2) HALITE FLUORITE MUSCOVITE BIOTITE Rose Quartz –Fracture Fracture - Quartz Obsidian Chemical Properties 1. MAGNETISM Magnetic elements found within magnetite – Ex – Iron (Fe) in Magnetite 2. Fizzing with HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) Some minerals react with acid to form bubbles – Ex – Calcite and Dolomite CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HALITE AND CALCITE The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite. Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile? (1) streak (2) hardness (3) reaction to an acid (4) reaction to a solvent The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. Which physical property of the calcite is being tested? (1) streak (3) melting point (2) hardness (4) reaction to acid A chemical property of a mineral is evident if the mineral (1) (2) (3) (4) breaks easily when struck with a hammer bubbles when acid is placed on it is easily scratched by a fingernail reflects light from its surface