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eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Page 1 of 13 Template is broken down by tables, which house the 6 ERAS that make up the Ottoman Empire. There will be one map for the Ottoman Empire. Each era will be represented as a shaded region on the map. Each era will have a set of points of significance (i.e. battles, cities, countries, monuments, etc.). We need captions that are 50-55 words long (about 330 characters including spaces, see example in first caption cell below). The list should be edited down. Events can be grouped together and entitled appropriately with captions that effectively encapsulate what happened. When it comes to providing information about surrounding empires and states, we do not need to give detailed accounts. It is more important to highlight the key players. However, we do need to account for border changes as we map the area out over time. ERA 1: 1299-1413, The Rise of the Emirate DATE 1299 - 1413 TITLE The Rise of the Emirate CAPTION (no more than 75 characters with spaces) The Ottoman dynasty began as a small beylik in northwestern Anatolia. It was one of many beyliks that arose after the decline of the Seljuks. It slowly expanded by military campaign and marriage, until it became one of the dominant powers in western Anatolia. One of the Ottoman emirates’s main adversaries was the deteriorating Byzantine Empire. In the middle of the 14th century, the Ottomans were also able to expand their influence in the Balkans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottomans had formed an empire, which contained western Anatolia and a large amount of Balkan territory. This empire was split apart after the defeat of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid at the hands of Timur. After a civil war, the empire was restored under the rule of Mehmed I in 1413. Campaigns & Battles 1300 - 1413 European Campaign 1326 Bursa 1356 Gallipoli 1361 Edirne (capital 1402) 1389 Kosovo (Serbia falls 1389) 1396 Nicopolis (Bulgaria falls 1398) 1300 – 1413 1402 Eastern Campaign Ankara Captured by Orhan, this city became the Ottoman’s first capital and served as a base of operations for subsequent campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. The dating of the 1st Ottoman incursion is difficult, but around 1356, the Ottomans crossed the Dardenelles. It was little more than a raid but it marked a new route of Ottoman expansion Murad marched his army into the plain of Kosovo and met a Balkan coalition headed by the Serbian Prince Lazar. Specifics on the results of the battle are cloudy, but at the end of the battle both Murad and Lazar were dead, the Serbs were no longer able to effectively resist Ottoman expansion, and Bayezid was proclaimed Sultan Bayezid continued his campaigns in the Balkans. A coalition was formed headed by Hungary and supported by western European knights. This coalition like that of Kosovo was also defeated Bayezid I met Timur near Ankara in 1402. Timur defeated and killed Bayezid. This turn broke a part the Anatolia portion of the empire and caused a civil war 1402-1413. Timur died in 1405 shortly after his victory and his successor were for the most part unable to consolidate his successes. Many of the beyliks, which were absorbed by the Ottomans became independent as a result of Timur’s victory Cities ~ Constantinople 1402 Edirne Surrounding Empires & States ~ Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire 300-1453. The Byzantine Empire was the successor of the Roman Empire in the east. From its capital at Constinople it was able to control the Balkans and Anatolia and often portions of the Middle East. Page 1 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 ~ Hungary ~ Venice ~ Armenia Genoa Empire of the Trebizond ~ Mongols ~ Mamluks ~ Crusade States Page 2 of 13 The Habsburg or the Jagellon dynasty often ruled the Kingdom of Hungary in this period. It consisted not only of modern Hungary, but also Slovakia, Translyvania, and Croatia. Formed by refugees of various invasions in the mid-8th century, Venice slowly blossomed into a power city-state and later acquired an empire in the eastern Mediterranean. Genoa was formed as a city-state in 1339. It was a commercial rival of Venice. It was occupied off and on by the Duchy of Milan and France. Formed by the Commeni Byzantine dynasty. The Mamluks 1250-1517. The Mamluks began as slave-soldiers under the Ayyubids, but after a revolt they able to assert their independence. They were able to defeat the Mongols at Ayn Jalut in 1260 and they became the protectors of the ‘Abbasid caliphs under the “Shadow Caliphate”. They controlled Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the Hijaz. Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.) Page 2 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Page 3 of 13 ERA 2: 1413-1481, Establishment of the Empire DATE 1413 – 1481 TITLE Establishment of the Empire CAPTION After the civil war, the Ottomans begin a reconquest and then begin to expand again. Campaigns & Battles 1413 – 1481 European Campaign 1440 Siege of Belgrade 1444 Varna 1453 Capture of Constantinople 1455 Capture Moldavia 1459 Annexation of Serbia 1413 – 1481 1473 Eastern Campaign (Rebuilding in the Aftermath of Timur) Bashkent 1475 Khanate of the Crimea 1475 Emirate of Karaman The Emirate of Karaman became an Ottoman vassal in 1398, but after the Ottoman defeat by Timur at Anakara, it reverted to being independent. There was a tense relationship between the Karamanids and the Ottomans, partially due to the Karamanid alliances with Venice, the Papal States, and the Akkoyunlu. The Emirate of Karaman was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in 1475. This was the last important rival beylik to be conquered. ~ Constantinople 1402 Edirne After the siege the city of Constantinople was ruined and was repaired and re-populated by Mehmed II. After this was accomplished the Ottoman capital was transferred from Edirne to Constantinople. The capital is transferred from Edirne to Constantinople The Hungarians under King Ladislas and with the aid of knights from western Europe attempted to stop Ottoman penetration into central Europe. The two sides met and the western forces were defeated and King Ladislas killed. After a long siege the Ottomans capture Constantinople and bring the 1,100-year existence of the Byzantine Empire to an end. The Ottomans made Constantinople their new capital. Moldavia forced to become vassal. Mehmed II moved against the Akkoyunlu under Uzun Hasan. After a few initial successes, the Ottoman army suffered some set backs and decided to withdraw from Akkoyunlu territory. The Ottomans camped near Bashkent. The Akkoyunlu attacked the Ottoman camp, which was fortified with cannons and driven back. The Ottoman forces pursued the Akkoyunlu and inflicted a severe defeat on the Akkoyunlu. As a result the Ottomans checked the Akkoyunlu expansion westward. The Crimean Khans become vassals of the Ottoman Empire Cities Surrounding Empires & States The Timurids The Akkouyunlu Venice ~ Hungary ~ Genoa After the fall of the Mongols in Iran, a general known as Timur is able to re-establish order in Iran, Central Asia and eastern Anatolia. He creates an empire, which begins to break a part almost immediately after his death in 1405. The dynasty, which rules this territory, is known as the Timurids 1380-1449. The Akkoyunlu also known as the White Sheep Turkomans were a confederation of Turkmen tribes between Iraq and Iran between 1360-1508. Between 1413-1481 the Ottomans seized many Venetian possession in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. The Venetians and the Ottomans were important trading partners, but their relations often fluctuated between war and uneasy peace. By 1461-1462, the Ottoman Empire captured nearly all of the Genoese colonies in the Black and Aegean seas. Page 3 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 ~ Mongols ~ Morea ~ Mamluks Page 4 of 13 The last of the Ilkhanid Mongols of Iran are trying to hold on to power. But this period is the end of the Ilkhanid dynasty 12561343. The Golden Horde 1250-1480 of Russia slowly breaks down and becomes small khanates and principalities. Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.) Page 4 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Page 5 of 13 ERA 3: 1481-1606, The Period of Greatest Expansion DATE 1481 – 1606 TITLE The Period of Greatest Expansion CAPTION The period between 1481-1606, but particularly the reigns of Selim I and Suleyman I 1500-1565 mark one of the high points of Ottoman expansion and power. The Empire spread in all directions from Morocco to Azerbaijan and from Austria to East Africa. Campaigns & Battles 1481 – 1606 Arab Campaigns 1514 Capture of Chaldiran 1516 – 1517 Capture of Syria, Hejaz, Egypt, Yemen 1534 Capture of Baghdad 1538 Capture of Basra 1551 Tripoli 1574 Tunis 1583 Baku 1481 – 1606 European Campaigns 1521 Capture of Belgrade 1525 Defeat Portuguese in Red Sea 1526 Defeat of Hungarians at Mohacs The Suleyman met the Hungarian forces at the 1529 Siege of Vienna The first siege of Vienna ended in failure. 1538 Naval defeat of combined Venetian, Spanish, and Papal armada Preveza Capture of Cyprus This battle marked the beginning of Ottoman naval supremacy. 1571 Selim I marched against the Shah Ismail at defeated him and forced him out of e. Anatolia. Selim initiated the campaign against the Mamluks after asserting that the Mamluks were supporting the Safavids. In response he marched through Southeastern Anatolia and in Syria inflicting a defeat upon at Marj Dabiq, where the Mamluk sultan was killed. He marched through Palestine and into Egypt inflicting a final defeat on the Mamluks at al-Raydaniyya. This campaign brought Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the Hijaz under Ottoman control and greatly enlarged the empire. It also increased Ottoman prestige, because now the Ottomans were in possession of the three holy cities of Islam, Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem. Also, this campaign brought to an the ‘Abbasid Shadow Caliphate and passed the title to the Ottoman Sultan. Suleyman captured this city in 1534 from the Safavids and secured the loyalty of nearby Kurdish chieftains. The capture of Basra followed that of Baghdad, but Basra was formally annexed in 1546. This gave the Ottoman Empire access to the Persian Gulf and secured their border with the Safavids. Sinan Pasha captures Tripoli from the Spanish. The Ottomans eject the Spanish from Tunis and bring an end to Hafsid power. During a period of Safavid weakness, the Ottomans invaded Iran in 1579-1590. They were able to capture Azerbaijan and more importantly, Baku. This gave them a port to use on the Caspian Sea. They built a fleet to harass the Safavids and to connect their allies, the Uzbeks. The capture of Belgrade by Suleyman helped secure Ottoman possessions in the Balkans and opened the way to Central Europe Cyprus was taken from the Venetians Surrounding Empires & States ~ Turkomans ~ Uzbeks The Uzbeks 1500-1599 ~ Safavids The Safavids 1500-1722 ~ Mamluks ~ Yemen The Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1517 brought to an end the Tahirid dynasty 1454-1517. Page 5 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Ziyanids ~ Hafsids ~ Hapsburgs ~ Hungary ~ Genoa ~ Papal States ~ Portugal 1569 Don-Volga Canal Project Page 6 of 13 The Ziyanids 1236-1555. The Ziyanids began as a Berber tribe, who supported the Almohads. As the Almohads declined the Ziyanids were able to control western Algeria and placed their capital at Tlemcem. In the 16th century the Hafsids from Tunis as well as by the Spanish and the Ottomans, who had recently taken nearby Algiers, pressured the Ziyanids. In 1555, the Ziyanids were definitively annexed by the Ottomans. The Hafsids 1229-1574. The Hafsids began as governors for the powerful Almohad state. Over time they were able to assert their independence and control Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. The Ottomans were able to capture Tunis in 1535, but were driven out by a Spanish-Hafsid force. But, the Ottomans returned in 1574 and drove both the Spanish and the Hafsids out of Tunis permanently. After the Hungarian defeat at Mohacs, the Ottomans and Habsburgs are locked in struggle to control the Kingdom of Hungary. The Ottoman Empire is able to control the lion’s share, but the Habsburgs hold on to a portion as well and build a series of defensive works to defend their territory. Also, the Habsburg family becomes the rules in Spain and use Spanish naval resources against the Ottoman Empire. The Hungarian Kingdom is divided between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs Under the Avis dynasty since 1385, controlled by the Habsburgs from 1580-1640. The Portuguese and the Ottomans clashed in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and elsewhere as a result of Portuguese naval expansion. Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.) The Don-Volga Canal project was attempted as a result of the Russian conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates in 1552 and 1556 respectively. Individuals from the khanates sent petitions to the Sultan and asked for assistance. The Grand Vizier at the time, Sokullu Mehmet Pasha lent his support to this and and in 1569 a expedition was sent to remove the Russian garrison at Astrakhan and to build the canal. The expedition was unsuccessful due to obstinacy on the part of Crimean Tatars, who Ottoman allies and the conditions of the terrain. Page 6 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Page 7 of 13 ERA 4: 1606-1774, Fluctuating Borders and Territorial Loss DATE 1606 – 1774 TITLE Fluctuating Borders and Territorial Loss CAPTION Between 1606 and 1774 the Ottoman Empire underwent many changes. Military failure was often followed by military success, especially under Koprollu viziers, but the Ottoman Empire, particularly after 1700 was significantly weaker relative to its European counterparts. Some of the territory lost in 1699-1700 was recaptured between 1715-1740, but after that the military fortunes of the Ottomans were bleak, defeat followed by annexation became common and there were attempts to reform military and governmental affairs along European lines. Campaigns & Battles 1603 – 1619 Wars with Safavids 1669 The siege and capture of Crete 1683-1699 War of the Sacred League 1683 – 1775 Territory Lost to Hapsburgs 1711 The Battle of Pruth 1715 Morea 1717-1718 Passorwitz 1736-1739 Belgrade 1776 Basra 1768-1774 Kuchuk Kainarja 1783 Russian annexation of the Crimea 1768 - 1792 Territory Lost to Russia After a long siege and several hard-fought battles the Ottomans were able to take Crete from the Venetians. This limited the Venetians to a few island holding and ports in the Aegean and the Adriatic. It was also the last Ottoman conquest that was to be lasting. The Ottoman Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa, decided to attack Vienna after military reforms. He besieged Vienna, but was unsuccessful in taking the city and was attacked by the Poles as he retreated. The war that ensued involved the Habsburgs, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, and Russia against the Ottoman Empire. The result was a major defeat for the Ottoman Empire and large territorial concessions to its enemies. The treaty signed at Carlowitz in 1699 marked the end of any significant Ottoman expansion and it put the empire on the defensive. Peter the Great of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden were involved in the Great Northern War 1700-1721. After Charles’ defeat at Poltava in 1709, he fled with the remnants of his army to Istanbul, where he asked for the assistance of the Sultan. An army under Baltaci Mehmet Pasha was sent against Russia. The Ottomans and their Tatar allies near Pruth surrounded the army of Peter the Great in 1711. Peter was able to negotiate his was on of the situation, but had to cede all the Ottoman territory gained in 1699. This was the last major defeat inflicted on the Russians by the Ottomans. The Venetians were driven from the Morea by the Ottomans The Ottomans suffer more defeats at the hands of the Habsburgs and cede Belgrade and parts of Wallachia with the Treaty of Passorowitz in 1718 The Ottomans were able to regain much of the territory lost to the Habsburgs in 1718. This was the last major victory of the Ottomans over the Habsburgs. The new Iranian dynasty, the Zands attacked and captured Basra from the Ottomans. This was held very briefly and passed back into Ottoman hands after a counterattack. This was the only major conflict between the Zands and the Ottomans. Following up on their defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1774, Russia annexes the Khanate of the Crimea. This is one of major losses of a Muslim population to a European power. Surrounding Empires & States ~ Armenia ~ Safavids Fall from power after Afghan invasion in 1722 Page 7 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 ~ Yemen ~ Russia ~ Hungary ~ France ~ Papal States ~ Portugal Page 8 of 13 Yemen was under the rule of the Qasimid dynasty 1598-1857. Occasionally there was some tribute paid to the Ottoman Empire. Under the control of the Habsburgs After the fall of the Habsburgs in 1640, the Braganza dynasty rules from 1640-1853 Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.) Page 8 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Page 9 of 13 ERA 5: 1774-1908, Period of Modernization and Reorganization DATE 1774 - 1908 TITLE Period of Modernization and Reorganization CAPTION The defeats and subsequent annexations inflicted on the Ottomans by the Austrians and the Russians had a lasting impression on the Ottoman Empire. These events set into motion attempts at reform along European lines. Selim III began many of the these reforms and was deposed for them, but they were followed up by Mahmud II. The Ottoman Empire’s government took on the look of a European state. And a constitution was proclaimed in 1876. The constitution was removed some months latter, but was revived in 1908. Under the rule of Abdul Hamid II, there was a authoritarian centralization instituted. This resulted in a great deal of repression, but it also allowed for the spread of technologies like the telegraph and the railroad and the spread of education to a greater segment of the population. Campaigns & Battles & Treaties 1812 Territory Lost to Russia 1798 French Invasion of Egypt 1821-1823 War with the Qajars 1830 Greece is Independent 1830 Algiers 1840 Empire under threat from Egypt, saved by Austrian and British Intervention Crimean War, French and British come to Turks aid against Russia 1854 – 1856 1878 Independence of Serbia, Montenegro, Romania recognized at Berlin Congress. Cyprus occupied by British The Treaty of Bucharest ended hostilities between Russia and the Ottoman Empire as Napoleon threatened to invade Russia. The Ottomans ceded Bessarabia to Russia. Napoleon in a move to cut of British supplies from India attacked and conquered the Ottoman province of Egypt. With the aid of the British the Ottomans were able to expel the French, but after the invasion Egypt was never as closely tied to the Ottoman Empire. Eventually the local strongman. Muhammad Ali was able to secure a position for himself and become hereditary governor of Egypt. War erupted between the Ottoman Empire and the Qajar Empire over the borders in Kurdistan and Iraq. The Qajars were initially were successful, but both sides were forced to sign a treaty at Erzurum to Russian aggression elsewhere. French annexation of Algiers. Aggressive moves made by the Russians in 1853 brough Britain and France and later Sardina-Piedmont to the aid of the Ottoman Empire. Despite the victory, the Ottomans had to pay a huge debt and after defaulting were forced to turn financial responsibility over to the Ottoman Public Debt Commission Rebellions in Herzegovina and other regions in the Balkans in 187576, brought a harsh response from the Ottoman Empire. In turn Russia took exception to Ottoman methods and declared war in 1877. This initiated the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Russia launched campaigns in eastern Anatolia and the Balkans. Russia initially enjoyed success on both fronts and scorned any aid from outside powers, but after the Russian advance was slowed at Plevna, Romania joined the war on Russia’s side. In the end the Ottoman Empire was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of San Stefano, but the other European powers took exception to the terms given by the Russians to the Ottomans, so they revised the terms at the Congress of Berlin. The revised terms resulted in full independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, it ceded Ottoman territory to these news states. Russia was given Ardahan and Kars in eastern Anatolia, the British were allowed to occupy Cyprus, and Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina. This watershed treaty and the subsequent amendments significantly limited the power of the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the Balkans. Page 9 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 1881, 1882 Tunisia occupied by France, Egypt Occupied by British 1908 Bosnia Herzegovina annexed by Austro-Hungarian Empire. Bulgaria Declares Independence. Surrounding Empires & States ~ Austro-Hungarian Empire ~ Greece ~ Russia ~ Romania ~ Serbia ~ Bosnia Herzegovina ~ Macedonia Page 10 of 13 As a result of agreements at the Berlin Congress, France formally annexed Tunisia, despite the protest of the Ottoman Government. This annexation was followed by the occupation of Egypt. After the Young Turk Revolution and the re-instatement of the Constitution of 1876, The Habsburg Empire was re-formulated as the Austro-Hungarian Empire after an agreement in 1867. This gave Hungarians a greater part in the governing of the empire. After 1878, Austria-Hungary held Bosnia-Herzegovina. Greece becomes independent in 1831 A sequence of Ottoman, Russian, and Austrian occupation took place in Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1859 these two provinces formed the autonomous Romania. In 1878, Romania became fully independent. Held directly by the Ottoman Empire from 1774-1878, then AustroHungarian military occupation, and outright annexation by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. Cyprus Occupied by the British in 1878 ~ Bulgaria Northern Bulgaria gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after 1878, while southern Bulgaria remained a part of the Empire as the new province of Eastern Rumelia. This province joined with Bulgaria in 1885 and Bulgaria renounced any ties to the Ottoman Empire in 1908. ~ France ~ Italy Italy is unified in 1870 and begins to expand influence soon after. ~ Kars and Ardahan The Russians as a result of the Treaty of Berlin took these two cities in 1878; they were restored to the Turkish Republic in 1920. ~ Kuwait ~ Hasa ~ Najd ~ Iran ~ Qatar ~ Bahrain ~ Muscat & Oman ~ Yemen ~ Egypt ~ Libya During this period al-Hasa fluctuated between Ottoman and Wahabi control until 1872 when there were no more periods of Wahabi occupation. The Najd was under control of Saudi dynasty. The had to fight to maintain their position from Ottoman-Egyptian attacks. Iran passed from the Zand dynasty to the Qajar dynasty after a series of conflict. Qajar rule was firmly established after 1798. Based from the control of Bahrain and was firmly eastablished under the control of the al-Thani familiy. During this period Bahrain was under the al-Khalifa dynasty. It balanced its position by playing the influence of the Ottomans, Qajars, and the British off against one another. Egypt was nominally under Ottoman control, but the family of Muhammad Ali governed the everyday affairs. Eventually Muhammad ‘Ali declared war against the Ottoman Empire. This was resolved with European assistance. The family of Muhammad ‘Ali were given control of Egypt with minimal attachment to the Ottoman Empire. This new dynasty conquered the Sudan and helped build the Suez canal. After going into debt, Egypt was occupied by the British. Libya was nominally under Ottoman control, but the local Karamanli dynasty managed everyday affairs. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire reasserted control in 1835 and brought Karamanli influence to an end. Page 10 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 ~ Page 11 of 13 Tunisia Tunis was nominally under Ottoman control, but the local Husayind dynasty managed everyday affairs. This relationship was brought to an end with the French occupation in 1881. ~ Algeria Algiers was nominally under Ottoman control, but a local dynasty managed everyday affairs the Muhammadids. This relationship was brought to an end with the French occupation in 1830 Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.) Constitution of 1876 The Ottoman Empire becomes the first Muslim state to adopt a western style constitution in 1876. This document calls for a representative assembly and equal right for all citizens. After a short time the assembly is closed and the constitution suspended. It is reinstated in 1908 after the Young Turk revolution. Page 11 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 Page 12 of 13 ERA 6: 1908-1923, Rise of the Young Turks and Collapse of the Empire DATE 1908 - 1923 TITLE Rise of the Young Turks and Collapse of the Empire CAPTION Between 1908 and 1923 the Ottoman Empire went through major changes and was racked by a long series of wars. Campaigns & Battles & Treaties 1911 Libya occupied by Italy 1912 - 1913 Balkan Wars 1915 First Turkish attempt to take Suez Gallipoli Landings 1915 1915 1916 1916 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 The Ottoman Empire and Italy go to war over the issue of Libya. After an indecisive war the Ottomans cede Libya to Italy as events in the Balkans begin to become problematic. A Balkan coalition of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro is secretly formed with the aid of Russia. This coalition attacks the Ottoman Empire as the war with Italy is winding down. After being defeated the Ottoman Empire is forced to cede almost all of its Balkan territory. Shortly after this in 1913, the coalition breaks apart and turns on Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire then begins yet another against Bulgaria and is able to regain a small portion of the territory lost in 1912 About 1 million Armenians massacred or deported by Turks Russians take Erzurum British surrender at Kut al Amara Arab Revolt The British have the largest surrender in their military history. British take Baghdad & Jerusalem Battle of Megiddo, Turks Surrender Greek forces land at Izmir, Kemal Pasha breaks away from authority of Istanbul Treaty of Sevres, Armenia cedes half it’s territory to Turkey Turkish nationalist government established in Ankara Turks recapture Izmir 1923 Treaty of Lausanne recognizes Turkeys sovereignty 1923 Turkish Republic founded with Kemal Pasha as President Surrounding Empires & States ~ Austro-Hungarian Empire ~ Greece ~ Russia ~ Romania ~ Serbia The Austro-Hungarian Empire, like the Ottoman Empire is dismantled after World War I parts of it will form: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Greece joins the Allies in WWI, Greece receives significant territory from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Greek claims in Anatolia eventually lead to war with the Turkish nationalist and the Greeks are driven from Anatolia Russia breaks apart between 1917-1920 and is eventually reformed as the Soviet Union without Poland, Finaland and the Baltic Republics. Romania joins the Allies in WWI, Romania receives Transylvania after the war. Joins Yugoslavia ~ Bosnia-Herzegovina Leaves the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Joins Yugoslavia ~ Macedonia Joins Yugoslavia Page 12 of 13 eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 ~ Bulgaria ~ France ~ Italy ~ Kurdistan ~ Armenia ~ Syria Becomes mandate of France ~ Palestine Becomes mandate of Britain ~ Transjordan Becomes mandate of Britain ~ Kuwait Becomes British protectorate after 1914 ~ Hasa Occupied by the Saudis ~ Nejd Under the control of the Saudis in 1700’s Page 13 of 13 Bulgaria joins the Central Powers in WWI, Bulgaria is defeated and is forced to cede most of the territory gained in the Balkan Wars. France as a member of the Allies in WWI takes control of the mandates of Syria and Lebanon. France also attempts to gain control of portion of SE Anatolia, but is forced out by Turkish nationalists Italy joins the Allies in WWI, Italy receives some territory from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The territory Italy captures in the war of 1911, Libya and the Dodecanese Islands are confirmed after WWI. Cyprus Becomes a British Protectorate after 1914 ~ Iraq Becomes British mandate ~ Iran Under the Qajar dynasty since 1798 ~ Qatar ~ Bahrain ~ Muscat & Oman ~ Yemen ~ Egypt ~ Libya ~ Tunisia After a war between the Ottoman Empire and Italy, Libya passes under Italian control Under French control since 1881 ~ Algeria Under French control since 1830 N. Yemen becomes independent, S. Yemen protectorate of the British Becomes British protectorate after 1914 Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.) Hijaz Railway The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1903-1908 and mainly Ottoman manpower and engineering. It was to run from Damascus to Mecca, but only made it to Medina. The main purpose was to aid the annual pilgrimage caravan, but it also had a military purpose. It it circumvented the British-controlled Suez Canal and allowed the Ottoman government to more effectively control the Bedouins of the Hijaz and Jordan. It was also hoped that it would help quell the frequent rebellions in Yemen. Page 13 of 13