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eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project
MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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Template is broken down by tables, which house the 6 ERAS that make up the Ottoman Empire. There will
be one map for the Ottoman Empire. Each era will be represented as a shaded region on the map. Each era will
have a set of points of significance (i.e. battles, cities, countries, monuments, etc.).
We need captions that are 50-55 words long (about 330 characters including spaces, see example in first
caption cell below). The list should be edited down. Events can be grouped together and entitled appropriately
with captions that effectively encapsulate what happened.
When it comes to providing information about surrounding empires and states, we do not need to give detailed
accounts. It is more important to highlight the key players. However, we do need to account for border changes
as we map the area out over time.
ERA 1: 1299-1413, The Rise of the Emirate
DATE
1299 - 1413
TITLE
The Rise of the Emirate
CAPTION
(no more
than 75 characters with spaces)
The Ottoman dynasty began as a small beylik in northwestern
Anatolia. It was one of many beyliks that arose after the decline of
the Seljuks. It slowly expanded by military campaign and marriage,
until it became one of the dominant powers in western Anatolia.
One of the Ottoman emirates’s main adversaries was the
deteriorating Byzantine Empire. In the middle of the 14th century,
the Ottomans were also able to expand their influence in the
Balkans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottomans had
formed an empire, which contained western Anatolia and a large
amount of Balkan territory. This empire was split apart after the
defeat of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid at the hands of Timur. After a
civil war, the empire was restored under the rule of Mehmed I in
1413.
Campaigns & Battles
1300 - 1413
European Campaign
1326
Bursa
1356
Gallipoli
1361
Edirne (capital 1402)
1389
Kosovo (Serbia falls 1389)
1396
Nicopolis (Bulgaria falls 1398)
1300 –
1413
1402
Eastern Campaign
Ankara
Captured by Orhan, this city became the Ottoman’s first capital and
served as a base of operations for subsequent campaigns against
the Byzantine Empire.
The dating of the 1st Ottoman incursion is difficult, but around
1356, the Ottomans crossed the Dardenelles. It was little more
than a raid but it marked a new route of Ottoman expansion
Murad marched his army into the plain of Kosovo and met a Balkan
coalition headed by the Serbian Prince Lazar. Specifics on the
results of the battle are cloudy, but at the end of the battle both
Murad and Lazar were dead, the Serbs were no longer able to
effectively resist Ottoman expansion, and Bayezid was proclaimed
Sultan
Bayezid continued his campaigns in the Balkans. A coalition was
formed headed by Hungary and supported by western European
knights. This coalition like that of Kosovo was also defeated
Bayezid I met Timur near Ankara in 1402. Timur defeated and
killed Bayezid. This turn broke a part the Anatolia portion of the
empire and caused a civil war 1402-1413. Timur died in 1405
shortly after his victory and his successor were for the most part
unable to consolidate his successes. Many of the beyliks, which
were absorbed by the Ottomans became independent as a result of
Timur’s victory
Cities
~
Constantinople
1402
Edirne
Surrounding Empires & States
~
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire 300-1453. The Byzantine Empire was the
successor of the Roman Empire in the east. From its capital at
Constinople it was able to control the Balkans and Anatolia and
often portions of the Middle East.
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eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project
MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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Hungary
~
Venice
~
Armenia
Genoa
Empire of the Trebizond
~
Mongols
~
Mamluks
~
Crusade States
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The Habsburg or the Jagellon dynasty often ruled the Kingdom of
Hungary in this period. It consisted not only of modern Hungary,
but also Slovakia, Translyvania, and Croatia.
Formed by refugees of various invasions in the mid-8th century,
Venice slowly blossomed into a power city-state and later acquired
an empire in the eastern Mediterranean.
Genoa was formed as a city-state in 1339. It was a commercial
rival of Venice. It was occupied off and on by the Duchy of Milan
and France.
Formed by the Commeni Byzantine dynasty.
The Mamluks 1250-1517. The Mamluks began as slave-soldiers
under the Ayyubids, but after a revolt they able to assert their
independence. They were able to defeat the Mongols at Ayn Jalut in
1260 and they became the protectors of the ‘Abbasid caliphs under
the “Shadow Caliphate”. They controlled Egypt, Syria, Palestine,
and the Hijaz.
Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.)
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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ERA 2: 1413-1481, Establishment of the Empire
DATE
1413 – 1481
TITLE
Establishment of the Empire
CAPTION
After the civil war, the Ottomans begin a reconquest and then begin
to expand again.
Campaigns & Battles
1413 – 1481
European Campaign
1440
Siege of Belgrade
1444
Varna
1453
Capture of Constantinople
1455
Capture Moldavia
1459
Annexation of Serbia
1413 – 1481
1473
Eastern Campaign (Rebuilding
in the Aftermath of Timur)
Bashkent
1475
Khanate of the Crimea
1475
Emirate of Karaman
The Emirate of Karaman became an Ottoman vassal in 1398, but
after the Ottoman defeat by Timur at Anakara, it reverted to being
independent. There was a tense relationship between the
Karamanids and the Ottomans, partially due to the Karamanid
alliances with Venice, the Papal States, and the Akkoyunlu. The
Emirate of Karaman was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in
1475. This was the last important rival beylik to be conquered.
~
Constantinople
1402
Edirne
After the siege the city of Constantinople was ruined and was
repaired and re-populated by Mehmed II. After this was
accomplished the Ottoman capital was transferred from Edirne to
Constantinople.
The capital is transferred from Edirne to Constantinople
The Hungarians under King Ladislas and with the aid of knights
from western Europe attempted to stop Ottoman penetration into
central Europe. The two sides met and the western forces were
defeated and King Ladislas killed.
After a long siege the Ottomans capture Constantinople and bring
the 1,100-year existence of the Byzantine Empire to an end. The
Ottomans made Constantinople their new capital.
Moldavia forced to become vassal.
Mehmed II moved against the Akkoyunlu under Uzun Hasan. After
a few initial successes, the Ottoman army suffered some set backs
and decided to withdraw from Akkoyunlu territory. The Ottomans
camped near Bashkent. The Akkoyunlu attacked the Ottoman
camp, which was fortified with cannons and driven back. The
Ottoman forces pursued the Akkoyunlu and inflicted a severe defeat
on the Akkoyunlu. As a result the Ottomans checked the Akkoyunlu
expansion westward.
The Crimean Khans become vassals of the Ottoman Empire
Cities
Surrounding Empires & States
The Timurids
The Akkouyunlu
Venice
~
Hungary
~
Genoa
After the fall of the Mongols in Iran, a general known as Timur is
able to re-establish order in Iran, Central Asia and eastern Anatolia.
He creates an empire, which begins to break a part almost
immediately after his death in 1405. The dynasty, which rules this
territory, is known as the Timurids 1380-1449.
The Akkoyunlu also known as the White Sheep Turkomans were a
confederation of Turkmen tribes between Iraq and Iran between
1360-1508.
Between 1413-1481 the Ottomans seized many Venetian
possession in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. The
Venetians and the Ottomans were important trading partners, but
their relations often fluctuated between war and uneasy peace.
By 1461-1462, the Ottoman Empire captured nearly all of the
Genoese colonies in the Black and Aegean seas.
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eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project
MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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Mongols
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Morea
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Mamluks
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The last of the Ilkhanid Mongols of Iran are trying to hold on to
power. But this period is the end of the Ilkhanid dynasty 12561343. The Golden Horde 1250-1480 of Russia slowly breaks down
and becomes small khanates and principalities.
Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.)
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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ERA 3: 1481-1606, The Period of Greatest Expansion
DATE
1481 – 1606
TITLE
The Period of Greatest
Expansion
CAPTION
The period between 1481-1606, but particularly the reigns of Selim
I and Suleyman I 1500-1565 mark one of the high points of
Ottoman expansion and power. The Empire spread in all directions
from Morocco to Azerbaijan and from Austria to East Africa.
Campaigns & Battles
1481 – 1606
Arab Campaigns
1514
Capture of Chaldiran
1516 – 1517
Capture of Syria, Hejaz, Egypt,
Yemen
1534
Capture of Baghdad
1538
Capture of Basra
1551
Tripoli
1574
Tunis
1583
Baku
1481 – 1606
European Campaigns
1521
Capture of Belgrade
1525
Defeat Portuguese in Red Sea
1526
Defeat of Hungarians at Mohacs
The Suleyman met the Hungarian forces at the
1529
Siege of Vienna
The first siege of Vienna ended in failure.
1538
Naval defeat of combined
Venetian, Spanish, and Papal
armada Preveza
Capture of Cyprus
This battle marked the beginning of Ottoman naval supremacy.
1571
Selim I marched against the Shah Ismail at defeated him and
forced him out of e. Anatolia.
Selim initiated the campaign against the Mamluks after asserting
that the Mamluks were supporting the Safavids. In response he
marched through Southeastern Anatolia and in Syria inflicting a
defeat upon at Marj Dabiq, where the Mamluk sultan was killed. He
marched through Palestine and into Egypt inflicting a final defeat on
the Mamluks at al-Raydaniyya. This campaign brought Egypt, Syria,
Palestine, and the Hijaz under Ottoman control and greatly
enlarged the empire. It also increased Ottoman prestige, because
now the Ottomans were in possession of the three holy cities of
Islam, Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem. Also, this campaign brought
to an the ‘Abbasid Shadow Caliphate and passed the title to the
Ottoman Sultan.
Suleyman captured this city in 1534 from the Safavids and secured
the loyalty of nearby Kurdish chieftains.
The capture of Basra followed that of Baghdad, but Basra was
formally annexed in 1546. This gave the Ottoman Empire access to
the Persian Gulf and secured their border with the Safavids.
Sinan Pasha captures Tripoli from the Spanish.
The Ottomans eject the Spanish from Tunis and bring an end to
Hafsid power.
During a period of Safavid weakness, the Ottomans invaded Iran in
1579-1590. They were able to capture Azerbaijan and more
importantly, Baku. This gave them a port to use on the Caspian
Sea. They built a fleet to harass the Safavids and to connect their
allies, the Uzbeks.
The capture of Belgrade by Suleyman helped secure Ottoman
possessions in the Balkans and opened the way to Central Europe
Cyprus was taken from the Venetians
Surrounding Empires & States
~
Turkomans
~
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks 1500-1599
~
Safavids
The Safavids 1500-1722
~
Mamluks
~
Yemen
The Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1517 brought to an end the
Tahirid dynasty 1454-1517.
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
Ziyanids
~
Hafsids
~
Hapsburgs
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Hungary
~
Genoa
~
Papal States
~
Portugal
1569
Don-Volga Canal Project
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The Ziyanids 1236-1555. The Ziyanids began as a Berber tribe, who
supported the Almohads. As the Almohads declined the Ziyanids
were able to control western Algeria and placed their capital at
Tlemcem. In the 16th century the Hafsids from Tunis as well as by
the Spanish and the Ottomans, who had recently taken nearby
Algiers, pressured the Ziyanids. In 1555, the Ziyanids were
definitively annexed by the Ottomans.
The Hafsids 1229-1574. The Hafsids began as governors for the
powerful Almohad state. Over time they were able to assert their
independence and control Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. The
Ottomans were able to capture Tunis in 1535, but were driven out
by a Spanish-Hafsid force. But, the Ottomans returned in 1574 and
drove both the Spanish and the Hafsids out of Tunis permanently.
After the Hungarian defeat at Mohacs, the Ottomans and Habsburgs
are locked in struggle to control the Kingdom of Hungary. The
Ottoman Empire is able to control the lion’s share, but the
Habsburgs hold on to a portion as well and build a series of
defensive works to defend their territory. Also, the Habsburg family
becomes the rules in Spain and use Spanish naval resources
against the Ottoman Empire.
The Hungarian Kingdom is divided between the Ottomans and the
Habsburgs
Under the Avis dynasty since 1385, controlled by the Habsburgs
from 1580-1640. The Portuguese and the Ottomans clashed in the
Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and elsewhere as a result of Portuguese
naval expansion.
Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.)
The Don-Volga Canal project was attempted as a result of the
Russian conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates in 1552
and 1556 respectively. Individuals from the khanates sent petitions
to the Sultan and asked for assistance. The Grand Vizier at the
time, Sokullu Mehmet Pasha lent his support to this and and in
1569 a expedition was sent to remove the Russian garrison at
Astrakhan and to build the canal. The expedition was unsuccessful
due to obstinacy on the part of Crimean Tatars, who Ottoman allies
and the conditions of the terrain.
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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ERA 4: 1606-1774, Fluctuating Borders and Territorial Loss
DATE
1606 – 1774
TITLE
Fluctuating Borders and
Territorial Loss
CAPTION
Between 1606 and 1774 the Ottoman Empire underwent many
changes. Military failure was often followed by military success,
especially under Koprollu viziers, but the Ottoman Empire,
particularly after 1700 was significantly weaker relative to its
European counterparts. Some of the territory lost in 1699-1700 was
recaptured between 1715-1740, but after that the military fortunes
of the Ottomans were bleak, defeat followed by annexation became
common and there were attempts to reform military and
governmental affairs along European lines.
Campaigns & Battles
1603 – 1619
Wars with Safavids
1669
The siege and capture of Crete
1683-1699
War of the Sacred League
1683 – 1775
Territory Lost to Hapsburgs
1711
The Battle of Pruth
1715
Morea
1717-1718
Passorwitz
1736-1739
Belgrade
1776
Basra
1768-1774
Kuchuk Kainarja
1783
Russian annexation of the
Crimea
1768 - 1792
Territory Lost to Russia
After a long siege and several hard-fought battles the Ottomans
were able to take Crete from the Venetians. This limited the
Venetians to a few island holding and ports in the Aegean and the
Adriatic. It was also the last Ottoman conquest that was to be
lasting.
The Ottoman Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa, decided to attack Vienna
after military reforms. He besieged Vienna, but was unsuccessful in
taking the city and was attacked by the Poles as he retreated. The
war that ensued involved the Habsburgs, Poland-Lithuania, Venice,
and Russia against the Ottoman Empire. The result was a major
defeat for the Ottoman Empire and large territorial concessions to
its enemies. The treaty signed at Carlowitz in 1699 marked the end
of any significant Ottoman expansion and it put the empire on the
defensive.
Peter the Great of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden were involved
in the Great Northern War 1700-1721. After Charles’ defeat at
Poltava in 1709, he fled with the remnants of his army to Istanbul,
where he asked for the assistance of the Sultan. An army under
Baltaci Mehmet Pasha was sent against Russia. The Ottomans and
their Tatar allies near Pruth surrounded the army of Peter the Great
in 1711. Peter was able to negotiate his was on of the situation, but
had to cede all the Ottoman territory gained in 1699. This was the
last major defeat inflicted on the Russians by the Ottomans.
The Venetians were driven from the Morea by the Ottomans
The Ottomans suffer more defeats at the hands of the Habsburgs
and cede Belgrade and parts of Wallachia with the Treaty of
Passorowitz in 1718
The Ottomans were able to regain much of the territory lost to the
Habsburgs in 1718. This was the last major victory of the Ottomans
over the Habsburgs.
The new Iranian dynasty, the Zands attacked and captured Basra
from the Ottomans. This was held very briefly and passed back into
Ottoman hands after a counterattack. This was the only major
conflict between the Zands and the Ottomans.
Following up on their defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1774, Russia
annexes the Khanate of the Crimea. This is one of major losses of a
Muslim population to a European power.
Surrounding Empires & States
~
Armenia
~
Safavids
Fall from power after Afghan invasion in 1722
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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Yemen
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Russia
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Hungary
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France
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Papal States
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Portugal
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Yemen was under the rule of the Qasimid dynasty 1598-1857.
Occasionally there was some tribute paid to the Ottoman Empire.
Under the control of the Habsburgs
After the fall of the Habsburgs in 1640, the Braganza dynasty rules
from 1640-1853
Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.)
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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ERA 5: 1774-1908, Period of Modernization and Reorganization
DATE
1774 - 1908
TITLE
Period of Modernization and
Reorganization
CAPTION
The defeats and subsequent annexations inflicted on the Ottomans
by the Austrians and the Russians had a lasting impression on the
Ottoman Empire. These events set into motion attempts at reform
along European lines. Selim III began many of the these reforms
and was deposed for them, but they were followed up by Mahmud
II. The Ottoman Empire’s government took on the look of a
European state. And a constitution was proclaimed in 1876. The
constitution was removed some months latter, but was revived in
1908. Under the rule of Abdul Hamid II, there was a authoritarian
centralization instituted. This resulted in a great deal of repression,
but it also allowed for the spread of technologies like the telegraph
and the railroad and the spread of education to a greater segment
of the population.
Campaigns & Battles & Treaties
1812
Territory Lost to Russia
1798
French Invasion of Egypt
1821-1823
War with the Qajars
1830
Greece is Independent
1830
Algiers
1840
Empire under threat from
Egypt, saved by Austrian and
British Intervention
Crimean War, French and
British come to Turks aid
against Russia
1854 – 1856
1878
Independence of Serbia,
Montenegro, Romania
recognized at Berlin Congress.
Cyprus occupied by British
The Treaty of Bucharest ended hostilities between Russia and the
Ottoman Empire as Napoleon threatened to invade Russia. The
Ottomans ceded Bessarabia to Russia.
Napoleon in a move to cut of British supplies from India attacked
and conquered the Ottoman province of Egypt. With the aid of the
British the Ottomans were able to expel the French, but after the
invasion Egypt was never as closely tied to the Ottoman Empire.
Eventually the local strongman. Muhammad Ali was able to secure
a position for himself and become hereditary governor of Egypt.
War erupted between the Ottoman Empire and the Qajar Empire
over the borders in Kurdistan and Iraq. The Qajars were initially
were successful, but both sides were forced to sign a treaty at
Erzurum to Russian aggression elsewhere.
French annexation of Algiers.
Aggressive moves made by the Russians in 1853 brough Britain
and France and later Sardina-Piedmont to the aid of the Ottoman
Empire. Despite the victory, the Ottomans had to pay a huge debt
and after defaulting were forced to turn financial responsibility over
to the Ottoman Public Debt Commission
Rebellions in Herzegovina and other regions in the Balkans in 187576, brought a harsh response from the Ottoman Empire. In turn
Russia took exception to Ottoman methods and declared war in
1877. This initiated the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Russia
launched campaigns in eastern Anatolia and the Balkans. Russia
initially enjoyed success on both fronts and scorned any aid from
outside powers, but after the Russian advance was slowed at
Plevna, Romania joined the war on Russia’s side. In the end the
Ottoman Empire was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of San
Stefano, but the other European powers took exception to the
terms given by the Russians to the Ottomans, so they revised the
terms at the Congress of Berlin. The revised terms resulted in full
independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, it ceded
Ottoman territory to these news states. Russia was given Ardahan
and Kars in eastern Anatolia, the British were allowed to occupy
Cyprus, and Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina. This
watershed treaty and the subsequent amendments significantly
limited the power of the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the
Balkans.
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
1881, 1882
Tunisia occupied by France,
Egypt Occupied by British
1908
Bosnia Herzegovina annexed by
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Bulgaria Declares
Independence.
Surrounding Empires & States
~
Austro-Hungarian Empire
~
Greece
~
Russia
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Romania
~
Serbia
~
Bosnia Herzegovina
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Macedonia
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As a result of agreements at the Berlin Congress, France formally
annexed Tunisia, despite the protest of the Ottoman Government.
This annexation was followed by the occupation of Egypt.
After the Young Turk Revolution and the re-instatement of the
Constitution of 1876,
The Habsburg Empire was re-formulated as the Austro-Hungarian
Empire after an agreement in 1867. This gave Hungarians a greater
part in the governing of the empire. After 1878, Austria-Hungary
held Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Greece becomes independent in 1831
A sequence of Ottoman, Russian, and Austrian occupation took
place in Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1859 these two provinces
formed the autonomous Romania. In 1878, Romania became fully
independent.
Held directly by the Ottoman Empire from 1774-1878, then AustroHungarian military occupation, and outright annexation by the
Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908.
Cyprus
Occupied by the British in 1878
~
Bulgaria
Northern Bulgaria gained independence from the Ottoman Empire
after 1878, while southern Bulgaria remained a part of the Empire
as the new province of Eastern Rumelia. This province joined with
Bulgaria in 1885 and Bulgaria renounced any ties to the Ottoman
Empire in 1908.
~
France
~
Italy
Italy is unified in 1870 and begins to expand influence soon after.
~
Kars and Ardahan
The Russians as a result of the Treaty of Berlin took these two cities
in 1878; they were restored to the Turkish Republic in 1920.
~
Kuwait
~
Hasa
~
Najd
~
Iran
~
Qatar
~
Bahrain
~
Muscat & Oman
~
Yemen
~
Egypt
~
Libya
During this period al-Hasa fluctuated between Ottoman and Wahabi
control until 1872 when there were no more periods of Wahabi
occupation.
The Najd was under control of Saudi dynasty. The had to fight to
maintain their position from Ottoman-Egyptian attacks.
Iran passed from the Zand dynasty to the Qajar dynasty after a
series of conflict. Qajar rule was firmly established after 1798.
Based from the control of Bahrain and was firmly eastablished
under the control of the al-Thani familiy.
During this period Bahrain was under the al-Khalifa dynasty. It
balanced its position by playing the influence of the Ottomans,
Qajars, and the British off against one another.
Egypt was nominally under Ottoman control, but the family of
Muhammad Ali governed the everyday affairs. Eventually
Muhammad ‘Ali declared war against the Ottoman Empire. This was
resolved with European assistance. The family of Muhammad ‘Ali
were given control of Egypt with minimal attachment to the
Ottoman Empire. This new dynasty conquered the Sudan and
helped build the Suez canal. After going into debt, Egypt was
occupied by the British.
Libya was nominally under Ottoman control, but the local Karamanli
dynasty managed everyday affairs. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire
reasserted control in 1835 and brought Karamanli influence to an
end.
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
~
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Tunisia
Tunis was nominally under Ottoman control, but the local Husayind
dynasty managed everyday affairs. This relationship was brought to
an end with the French occupation in 1881.
~
Algeria
Algiers was nominally under Ottoman control, but a local dynasty
managed everyday affairs the Muhammadids. This relationship was
brought to an end with the French occupation in 1830
Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.)
Constitution of 1876
The Ottoman Empire becomes the first Muslim state to adopt a
western style constitution in 1876. This document calls for a
representative assembly and equal right for all citizens. After a
short time the assembly is closed and the constitution suspended.
It is reinstated in 1908 after the Young Turk revolution.
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MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
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ERA 6: 1908-1923, Rise of the Young Turks and Collapse of the Empire
DATE
1908 - 1923
TITLE
Rise of the Young Turks and
Collapse of the Empire
CAPTION
Between
1908 and 1923 the Ottoman Empire went through major changes
and was racked by a long series of wars.
Campaigns & Battles & Treaties
1911
Libya occupied by Italy
1912 - 1913
Balkan Wars
1915
First Turkish attempt to take
Suez
Gallipoli Landings
1915
1915
1916
1916
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
The Ottoman Empire and Italy go to war over the issue of Libya.
After an indecisive war the Ottomans cede Libya to Italy as events
in the Balkans begin to become problematic.
A Balkan coalition of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro is
secretly formed with the aid of Russia. This coalition attacks the
Ottoman Empire as the war with Italy is winding down. After being
defeated the Ottoman Empire is forced to cede almost all of its
Balkan territory. Shortly after this in 1913, the coalition breaks
apart and turns on Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire then begins yet
another against Bulgaria and is able to regain a small portion of the
territory lost in 1912
About 1 million Armenians
massacred or deported by Turks
Russians take Erzurum
British surrender at Kut al
Amara
Arab Revolt
The British have the largest surrender in their military history.
British take Baghdad &
Jerusalem
Battle of Megiddo, Turks
Surrender
Greek forces land at Izmir,
Kemal Pasha breaks away from
authority of Istanbul
Treaty of Sevres, Armenia
cedes half it’s territory to
Turkey
Turkish nationalist government
established in Ankara
Turks recapture Izmir
1923
Treaty of Lausanne recognizes
Turkeys sovereignty
1923
Turkish Republic founded with
Kemal Pasha as President
Surrounding Empires & States
~
Austro-Hungarian Empire
~
Greece
~
Russia
~
Romania
~
Serbia
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, like the Ottoman Empire is
dismantled after World War I parts of it will form: Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia.
Greece joins the Allies in WWI, Greece receives significant territory
from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Greek claims in Anatolia
eventually lead to war with the Turkish nationalist and the Greeks
are driven from Anatolia
Russia breaks apart between 1917-1920 and is eventually reformed
as the Soviet Union without Poland, Finaland and the Baltic
Republics.
Romania joins the Allies in WWI, Romania receives Transylvania
after the war.
Joins Yugoslavia
~
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Leaves the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Joins Yugoslavia
~
Macedonia
Joins Yugoslavia
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eCUIP :: Middle East Mapping Project
MapFacts Template: Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923
~
Bulgaria
~
France
~
Italy
~
Kurdistan
~
Armenia
~
Syria
Becomes mandate of France
~
Palestine
Becomes mandate of Britain
~
Transjordan
Becomes mandate of Britain
~
Kuwait
Becomes British protectorate after 1914
~
Hasa
Occupied by the Saudis
~
Nejd
Under the control of the Saudis in 1700’s
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Bulgaria joins the Central Powers in WWI, Bulgaria is defeated and
is forced to cede most of the territory gained in the Balkan Wars.
France as a member of the Allies in WWI takes control of the
mandates of Syria and Lebanon. France also attempts to gain
control of portion of SE Anatolia, but is forced out by Turkish
nationalists
Italy joins the Allies in WWI, Italy receives some territory from the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. The territory Italy captures in the war of
1911, Libya and the Dodecanese Islands are confirmed after WWI.
Cyprus
Becomes a British Protectorate after 1914
~
Iraq
Becomes British mandate
~
Iran
Under the Qajar dynasty since 1798
~
Qatar
~
Bahrain
~
Muscat & Oman
~
Yemen
~
Egypt
~
Libya
~
Tunisia
After a war between the Ottoman Empire and Italy, Libya passes
under Italian control
Under French control since 1881
~
Algeria
Under French control since 1830
N. Yemen becomes independent, S. Yemen protectorate of the
British
Becomes British protectorate after 1914
Cultural Achievements (inventions, monuments, art, music, literature, etc.)
Hijaz Railway
The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1903-1908 and mainly
Ottoman manpower and engineering. It was to run from Damascus
to Mecca, but only made it to Medina. The main purpose was to aid
the annual pilgrimage caravan, but it also had a military purpose. It
it circumvented the British-controlled Suez Canal and allowed the
Ottoman government to more effectively control the Bedouins of
the Hijaz and Jordan. It was also hoped that it would help quell the
frequent rebellions in Yemen.
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