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The Reconstruction Era Politics and the Plans What Problems Do we face now that the war is over? Complete the Web. Civil Liberties Infrastructure Post-War Problems Social Economic Political Problems after the War The presidency needed to decide whether or not they were going to punish the Confederate states for the war. Differing ideas on how the Reconstruction should be handled Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan Favored a lenient Reconstruction policy Believed the secession was constitutionally impossible so the Confederate states never really left the Union. Individuals not states rebelled against the government. Was the power of the president to pardon those individuals Wanted to make the south’s return to the Union as swift as possible December 1863, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. pardon all Confederates except high-ranking Confederate officials and those accused of crimes against prisoners of war After ten percent of those on the 1860 voting lists took oaths of allegiance could form a new state government and gain representation in Congress. Problems with Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s plan angered a minority of republicans known as Radical Republicans. Led by Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania. Wanted to destroy the power of former slave owners Wanted the African Americans to have full citizenship and the right to vote Wade-Davis Bill Proposed that Congress, not the President, should be responsible for reconstruction For a state government to be formed, a majority had to swear allegiance, not ten-percent of the voting population Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill, angering the radicals who thought that the Congress should have supreme power over reconstruction. Continuing Lincoln’s Presidency After the assassination of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson became president of the US. Was a staunch Unionist that had often expressed his desire to deal harshly with Confederate leaders. Southerners believed that Johnson was a traitor to his region and Radicals believed that he was on of them, both sides were wrong about Johnson. Johnson’s Plan Was very similar to Lincoln’s Called Presidential Reconstruction Declared that each remaining Confederate State could be readmitted to the union if it could meet several conditions Withdraw it secession Swear allegiance to the Union Annul confederate war debts Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment 1866 Congressional Elections Who would control the Reconstruction became a major component of the 1866 Congressional election. Johnson’s rough language and behavior during the campaign trail left many of the voters offended and jeering the president and cheering General Grant, who had accompanied him. Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans caused the deaths of at least 80 African Americans. Such violence caused many northern voters to believe that the federal government needed to step up its protection for former slaves. Moderate and Radical Republicans won by a landslide giving them the numbers they needed to override presidential vetoes and move ahead with their Reconstruction plan. Reconstruction Act of 1867 Did not recognize state governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson plans. The act divided the other ten former Confederate states into five military districts each head by a union general. Constitutional Conventions to re-write constitutions and re-apply for admittance Accept Civil War Amendments Johnson vetoed the act, Congress overrides it. The Impeachment of Johnson Radical leaders did not think that Johnson was upholding the principles of reconstruction, like how he was removing military officers who were attempting to enforce the Reconstruction Act. In March of 1867, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act which stated that the President could not remove cabinet officers during the term of the president whom they serve without the consent of the Senate. One purpose of this act was to Protect Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who was the Radical’s ally. Johnson fired Stanton and the House brought up 11 counts of impeachment against Johnson, 9 of which were based on his violation of the Tenure of Office Act They were one vote short of the Guilty verdict in the Senate to impeach Johnson 1868 Election The Democrats knew they could not win with Johnson so they nominated the War time governor of New York, Horatio Seymour instead. Ran against General Ulysses S. Grant Won presidency by a wide margin in the Electoral College, but the popular vote was less decisive. Out of 6 million votes he only had a majority of 306,593 votes. About 500,000 African-Americans had voted, most for Grant, bringing home the importance of the African American vote to Republican Party. Civil War Amendments th 13 – Abolish slavery th 14 – Citizenship Rights th 15 – Black Males – right to vote Radical Legislature After the election Radicals feared that the White Southerners might try to limit black suffrage, so they introduced the 15th Amendment which states that no state can keep someone from voting based on their race, color or previous condition of servitude Important victory for the Radicals Although this amendment was added to the bill of rights some Southern governments refused to the 14th and 15th amendments and some white southerners used violence to prevent African Americans from voting. In response to this the Congress passed the Enforcement Act of 1870, giving the federal government more power to punish those who tried to prevent African American participation in government In Review What did Lincoln’s Plan involve? Was Johnson’s plan different from Lincoln’s? How was it similar? What happened during the 1868 Congressional Election? Why did the Radicals want Johnson impeached? What new legislature was introduced by the Radical Republicans?