Download Functional Groups

Functional
Groups
Aim OC2 –
What are
functional
groups?
• Functional groups - Alcohols
– A general group name for organic molecules
containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH)
– general formula: R-OH
– Suffix used in naming: -ol
– Uses
• Beverages – ethanol in wine, beer, spirits
• Solvents – ethanol often used in perfumes and
for dissolving nonpolar substances
• Antifreeze – ethylene glycol – a dihydroxy
alcohol (C2H4(OH)2)
• Antiseptics – ethanol with iodine, or in hand
sanitizers
• Fuels – methanol and ethanol additive to
gasoline
• Monohydroxy alcohols:
– Contain one –OH
– Example: at right ethanol
• dihydroxy alcohols (glycols):
– contain two -OH groups
– example: at right – ethylene
glycol or 1,2 ethanediol
– active ingredient in antifreeze
• trihydroxy alcohols
– contain three -OH groups
– example: at right - glycerol
or 1,2,3 propanetriol
– holds three fatty acids together in a fat
– product of digestion of fat
• Hydroxy locations in alcohols
– The –OH group can be attached in different spots
in an alcohol
• Primary alcohols
– the -OH is attached to one end
of a hydrocarbon chain
– general formula: R-CH2OH
– ex: CH3CH2C2OH or 1-propanol
• Secondary alcohols
– the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to
two other carbons
– general formula: R – COH – R
– ex: CH3CHOHCH3 or 2-propanol
• Tertiary alcohols:
– the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to
three other carbons
– general formula: R3-OH
– example: CH3CH3C(OH)CH3
– Name: 2-methyl-2-propanol
• Name each of the following:
A
B
• Functional group - Organic Acids
– A general group name for
organic molecules containing
a carboxyl functional group
(-COOH)
– The H in the –COOH can ionize in solution, making
the solution acidic
– general formula: R-COOH
– Suffix in naming: -oic acid
– Uses
• As a food preservative – ethanoic acid (acetic
acid or vinegar) - think pickled foods
• As one part of esterification (formation of esters,
which are flavors and aromas in food and
perfumes)
• Functional group - Aldehydes
– produced by the combustion or oxidation (burning)
of primary alcohols
– general formula: R-CHO
– suffix: -al
• Example: CH3CH2CHO or propanal
• important aldehyde: methanal or formaldehyde
• Functional Groups - Ketones
– produced by the combustion of secondary
alcohols
– general formula: R-CO-R
– suffix: -one
– example: CH3COCH3
or propanone
• important ketones:
– Propanone,
aka acetone,
aka nail polish remover
• Functional group - Ethers
– produced by dehydration synthesis (the
combination of molecules by removing water)
of two primary alcohols
• general formula: R-O-R
• example:
– diethyl ether
– C2H5OC2H5
– anesthetic and solvent
• Functional group - Esters
– produced by dehydration synthesis of a primary
alcohols and an organic acid
– R-COOH + HO-R  R-COO-R + H2O
– general formula: R-COO-R
– produces fragrances and flavorings
– CH3COOC4H9
• butyl ethanoate
• Banana smell
– CH3COOC3H7
• propyl ethanoate
• pear smell
• Functional groups - Amines
– derivatives of ammonia (NH3)
– the functional group is the -N- group
– Naming: add amine to end of carbon name
– Types of amines:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
• Functional group - Amides
– dehydration synthesis of
amino acids
– Functional group
• carbon attached to a
double bonded oxygen
and NH2
– Naming
• determine name of
longest C chain and add
– amide to end
– Example
• ethanamide