Download SS8H6a Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to

SS8H6a
Explain the importance of key issues and
events that led to the Civil War; include
slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri
Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the
Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act,
Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the
debate over secession in Georgia, and the
role of Alexander Stephens.
Concept:
Conflict and Change
Individuals and Groups
Rule of Law
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did the following issues and
events cause the Civil War?
-
slavery
Nullification
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott case
Debate over secession
- states’ rights
- Missouri Compromise
- Kansas/Nebraska Act
- Election of 1860
- Alexander Stephens
Western Expansion
After
President Thomas Jefferson acquired the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States doubled
in size. This purchase gave the United States control of
the vast lands west of the Mississippi.
As Americans
pushed west, the issue of slavery
came to the forefront.
Would
the new
territories of
the United
States be
slave or free?
ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and the resulting cotton
boom led the South to focus on agriculture while the North
focused on industrial growth.
North
• Based on Industry &
Manufacturing
• Other economic
activities:
- Mining
- Banking
- Retail
- Railroad
- Steel & Iron
South
• Based on farming &
the slave trade
• Other economic
activities:
- Mills (Factories that
refine agricultural
products)
People based their decisions,opinions, and views
on what was good for only their part of the country.
Who will control the new territory out
west?
TARIFFS
The United States Congress passed the tariff of
1828 in order to increase the price of foreign
goods so that the same goods manufactured in
the north would be cheaper in price.
This helped northern businesses, but people in
the south were having to pay more for a product
that was their second choice since their first
choice (foreign product) is now more expensive
because of the tariff (tax) added to the cost.
TARIFFS
• The North favored
tariffs to persuade
people to buy
products made in
their own country.
• By placing protective
tariffs on imports,
Northern business
men prospered.
• Southerners felt this
unconstitutional and
that they should not
have to pay the tariff.
• South Carolina even
threatened to leave
the union if the tariffs
were not repealed.
Nullification
The tariff of 1828 led to discussions in the South
about nullification.
Nullification is the argument that a state has the
right not to follow a federal law.
The state of South Carolina wanted to ignore the
tariff.
By 1832, Congress slightly modified the Tariff of
1828 to appease the southern states.
STATES’ RIGHTS
This phrase refers to individual states being
sovereign (or having the right to govern itself).
According to the 10th amendment of the
constitution…
“The powers not delegated to the United States
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people.”
Basically, states wanted to follow their own laws,
and they did not want the federal government
(United States) to overrule state laws.
STATES’ RIGHTS
The main issue over states’ rights involved
the institution of slavery. Southern states
feared that Congress would pass laws
eventually outlawing the practice of slavery,
which would hurt the southern
agricultural economic way of
life involving the growing of
cotton on large plantations.
SLAVERY
When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their
colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they sought to
avoid the slave-based plantation economy that had
developed in other colonies in the American South.
The allure of profits from slavery, however, proved to
be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist. By
the era of the American Revolution (1775-83), African
slaves constituted nearly half of Georgia's colonial
population. Although the Revolution fostered the
growth of an antislavery movement in the northern
states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained
their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted
the plantation economy. In subsequent decades
slavery would play an ever-increasing role in Georgia's
shifting plantation economy. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
Kentlaw.edu
SLAVERY
• By the 1790s entrepreneurs were perfecting
new mechanized cotton gins, the most famous
of which was invented by Eli Whitney on a
Savannah River plantation owned by Catharine
Greene in 1793.
• This technological advance
presented Georgia planters
with a staple crop
that could be grown over
much of the state.
SLAVERY
• Although slavery played a dominant economic and
political role in Georgia, most white Georgians did not
own slaves. In 1860 less than one-third of Georgia's
adult white male population of 132,317 were
slaveholders.
• Slaveholders controlled not only the best land and the
vast majority of personal property in the state but also
the state political system. In 1850 and 1860 more than
two-thirds of all state legislators were slaveholders.
More striking, almost a third of the state legislators
were planters.
• Hence, even without the cooperation of nonslaveholding white male voters, Georgia slaveholders
could dictate the state's political path.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1819, the United States was divided equally with 11
free states and 11 slave states. People living in the
Missouri Territory applied for statehood as a slave state,
but Congress did not approve because there would be
an imbalance of power. Think back to the Senate where
2 senators represent each states.
If Missouri was allowed to be a slave
state then there would be 24 US senators
coming from slave states and 22 from
non-slave states. Slave states would
have an advantage when trying to pass
or keep from passing certain laws.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
To keep a balance in the US Congress, a
compromise was made to allow Maine to
be admitted to the Union as a free state
while Missouri was added to the United
States as a slave state. Also part of the
compromise was that slavery would be
outlawed north of the 36th degree line of
latitude.
COMPROMISE OF 1850
• In 1850, California applied for admission as a
free state. Once again, the balance of power in
the Senate was threatened. The South did not
want to give the North a majority in the Senate.
• The Compromise of 1850 had four parts:
1) California entered as a free state. 2) The rest
of the Mexican cession was divided into New
Mexico and Utah. In each state, voters would
decide the issue of slavery. 3) Slave trade was
ended in Washington D.C. 4) A strict new
fugitive-slave law was passed.
Henry Clay Arguing in the Us Senate for the
Compromise of 1850 to Avert Civil War
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
In the South, The
Fugitive Slave Law of
1850 was seen as a
victory. It required
that all citizens were
obligated to return
runaway slaves.
Northerners who helped
slaves escape would be
jailed and fined. The law
enraged Northerners
because it made them
feel a part of the slave
system. Persons
involved with the
Underground Railroad
worked to subvert the
law. Some actively
opposed slavery and
they were called
abolitionists, working to
abolish or end slavery.
GEORGIA PLATFORM
Georgians met at the state capital in
Milledgeville to discuss the Compromise
of 1850. Representative Alexander
Stephens supported the Compromise of
1850 because he did not want Georgia
to secede from the Union. He felt
Georgia and the southern states had
too much too lose if they seceded and
lost a Civil War. Georgia helped
prevent war and secession.
COMPROMISE OF 1850
As part of the
Compromise of 1850,
Congress passed the
Fugitive Slave Act. This
law said that slaves could
not become free once
they entered into free
states. Instead, slaves
were to be returned to the
slave states and anyone
helping a slave to
freedom faced fines and
imprisonment.
This angered
northerners who
disagreed with slavery.
They were now a part
of the slavery issue like
it or not.
The other part of the 1850
Compromise was that
slave trading became
illegal in Washington
D.C.
KANSAS – NEBRASKA ACT
In 1854, Stephen Douglas introduced a
bill to help solve the problem of slavery in the
new Nebraska territory. He proposed that
Nebraska be divided into two territories —
Kansas and Nebraska. The settlers of the new
territories would decide whether they would be
slave or free.
Popular Sovereignty
A broadside from 1854
advertises a mass
meeting of anti-slavery
settlers to discuss the
impact of KansasNebraska Act.
Notice the changes in
boundries
and views as
sectionalism grows
and the agruments
over
free or slave states
increases. These
compromises lead to
a shift in the power.
DRED SCOTT COURT CASE
Dred Scott was a slave from the slave state of
Missouri who traveled with his master Dr. John
Emerson to the free state of Illinois. Dred Scott
eventually tried to sue for his freedom since he
believed that he could not be a slave in a free state.
The Supreme Court did not rule in his favor.
Instead, the Supreme Court decided that Dred Scott
could not sue in court because slaves were not
citizens, therefore, he had no rights. The Court also
allowed slaves to be taken to free states b/c they
were property of their masters.
The ruling was
a victory for
southern slave
owners.
Many
Northerners were
outraged as
abolitionist
sentiments grew
stronger.
ELECTION OF 1860
For decades the arguments about slavery have
been growing louder between people who live in
the Northern states and people who live in the
Southern states. Northerners believe slavery
should be abolished for moral reasons.
Southerners feel the end of slavery will destroy
their region’s rural economy. Many in the South
think the election of Northerner Abraham Lincoln
to be president of the United States will be a
serious blow to their way of life.
• In the mid-1850s,
people who opposed
slavery were looking for
a new voice and formed
the Republican Party.
Their main goal was to
keep slavery out of the
western territories, not
to end slavery in the
South.
• In the presidential election of 1860, the
Republicans ran Abraham Lincoln from
Illinois. Lincoln was known to oppose
slavery on the basis of its being morally
wrong.
• However, Lincoln was not
willing to end slavery at
the risk of tearing the
Union apart. The
Democratic Party had
spilt, with Northern
Democrats choosing
Stephen Douglas and
Southern Democrats
choosing Vice-President
John Breckinridge. A proUnion party chose John
Bell of Tennessee.
• Because of the four candidates, Lincoln won the
election, but received no votes in the South and
was not even on the ballot.
DEBATE OVER SECESSION
• Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential
election caused southern states to hold
conventions on whether or not they should
secede from the Union in order to protect
the legalization of slavery in their states.
• South Carolina became the 1st state to
secede from the Union, while Georgia
became the 5th state to secede.
WHAT MESSAGE IS THIS
PRIMARY SOURCE POLITICAL
CARTOON TYRING TO CONVEY?
JAN.-FEB. 1861-ROLE OF
ALEXANDER STEPHENS
Alexander Stephens was a
U.S. Representative from
Georgia who was PROslavery, but he was against
Secession. When Georgia
held a convention to decide
on secession Alexander
Stephens argued against it by
saying the South should remain
loyal to the Union. He believed
that if the South seceded then a
Civil War would break out and if
the South lost then they would lose their states’ rights,
especially the right to keep slavery legal.
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JAN.-FEB. 1861-ROLE OF
ALEXANDER STEPHENS
Despite Alexander Stephens and his words of caution,
Georgia decided to secede anyway. Those states in the
south that seceded created the Confederate States of
America, a separate country. Alexander Stephens was
persuaded to become the vice-president of the C.S.A.,
most likely to appeal to
southerners that were just
like him – wanted to keep
slavery, but really didn’t
want to leave the union.
This would help keep the
southern states united.
APRIL 1861
After Lincoln took the oath of office
in 1861, he announced that no
state can lawfully leave the Union.
He declared, however, there
would be no war unless the South
started it.
• The South started to take
possession of all Federal buildings
— forts and post offices. The
South took control of the three
forts in Florida and was ready to
take control of Fort Sumter in
South Carolina.
• In April 1861, the Confederates
asked for the fort’s surrender.
Major Robert Anderson of the
Union refused to surrender. The
Confederate troops proceeded to
shell Fort Sumter. Anderson ran
out of ammunition and was forced
to surrender. The war had begun.
FORT SUMTER, SOUTH CAROLINA
Despite all attempts at compromise, the Civil War breaks
out with the first shots fired at Fort Sumter April, 1861.
SS8H6b
State the importance of key events of the
Civil War; include Antietam, the
Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg,
Chickamauga, the Union blockade of
Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta
Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea,
and Andersonville.
Concept:
Conflict and Change
Individuals and Groups
Rule of Law
THE CIVIL WAR
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did the following events
play in the Civil War?
-
Antietam
Gettysburg
Union blockade
Sherman’s March
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Chickamauga
- Sherman’s Atlanta campaign
- Andersonville
Union
Blockade
Antietam
Andersonville
Sherman’s
March
to the Sea
What role did
the following
events play in
the Civil War?
Sherman’s
Atlanta
Campaign
Emancipation
Proclamation
Gettysburg
Chickamauga
Antietam (Sharpsburg)
• Location- Sharpsburg, Maryland
• Dates- September 17, 1862
• Commanders
1. Confederates- General Robert E. Lee
2. Federals (Union)- General George McClellan
• Notable Facts
1. McClellan and his troops stopped the Confederate army from
advancing on Washington, D.C.
2. One of the bloodiest single days in the war
3. Confederate casualties were about 13,700
4. Union casualties were about 12,400
5. Although McClellan protected the capital from Confederate
forces, he allowed Lee’s army to escape to Virginia
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
Legendsofamerica.com
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
WHAT ARE THE COSTS OF WAR?
“This photograph shows
Abraham Lincoln on the
Battlefield of Antietam.
The battle of Antietam
was the bloodiest day in
American History. More
Americans lost their lives
in one day of fighting
than in all previous wars
combined. To the left of
Mr. Lincoln is Allan
Pinkerton, later famous
for creating the Pinkerton
detective agency. To the
right is Major General
John A. McClernand.”
old-pictures.com
Battle of Gettysburg
• Location- Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
• Dates- July 1-3, 1863
• Overall Commanders
1. Confederates- General Robert E. Lee
2. Federals (Union)- General George Meade
• Notable Facts
1. The battle of Gettysburg began as a “fight
over shoes” (Southerners had heard that there
was a cache of shoes at Gettysburg).
2. Battle was a result of Lee’s plan to invade the
north for a second time.
Gettysburg Continued
1. Lee planned to attack the Union center at Cemetery
Ridge on the third day of the battle. The General to lead
the attack was the Virginian George Pickett.
2. Prior to Pickett’s charge the Confederates began the
largest artillery barrage of the war.
3. Pickett’s charge was a miserable failure.
4. Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the
American Civil War.
5. Gettysburg was by far the bloodiest battle of the
American Civil War.
6. Lee was forced to retreat back into Virginia. His
ambulance train was over seventeen miles long.
Gettysburg Outcome
• Losses
1. Confederates- 3,500 killed, 18,000
wounded, 6,500 captured/missing
2. Union- 3,155 killed, 14, 529 wounded,
5,365 captured/missing
• Outcome- Major Union Victory
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
Confederate soldiers: southwestern edge of the
Rosewoods – Gettysburg Pennsylvania
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
Battle of Chickamauga
• Location – Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
• Dates – September 18-20, 1863
• Commanders
1. Confederates- General Braxton Bragg, General James
Longstreet
2. Federals (Union)- General William Rosecrans, General
George Thomas
• Notable Facts
1. Chickamauga is the first major battle in the State of
Georgia.
2. Chickamauga means “The River of Death” in
Cherokee.
3. Control of the railroad in Chattanooga was at stake
4. Bloodiest battle fought in Georgia
5. Caused Union forces to retreat back to Chattanooga
and they ended up capturing Chattanooga
Chickamauga Continued
• Losses
1. Confederates (Rebels)- 2,312 killed,
14,674 wounded, 1,468 captured/missing
2. Federals (Union)- 1,657 killed, 9,756
wounded, 4,757 captured/missing
• Outcome- Confederate Victory
Union Blockade of Georgia
• Many of Georgia’s ports were blocked
throughout the war – including Darien and
Brunswick
• Strong Confederate forts protected some
cities from falling under the blockade
• Fort Pulaski protected Savannah, but in
April of 1862, the Confederate forces
surrendered
Union Blockade of Georgia
• As a result, the Union troops used Fort
Pulaski to block ships from entering
Savannah
• The blockade made it difficult for farmers
and merchants to sell their wares
• Also made it hard for Confederate army to
receive supplies from overseas allies
Andersonville Prison
• February 1864, the Confederates opened
a prison camp to house Union soldiers
• Andersonville held the largest amount of
prisoners than any other camp at the time
• Tens of thousands of Union soldiers were
imprisoned there
• Conditions were awful – unhealthy
sanitation conditions, malnutrition, and
overcrowding
Andersonville Prison
• 13,000 out of 45,000 prisoners died at
Andersonville
• Today it is a memorial for all American
prisoners of war
ANDERSONVILLE
PRISON
UNION SOLDIER
WHO SURVIVED
Hmmm…
If I could take
Atlanta…
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign
• Sherman and 100,000 men marched from
Chattanooga to Atlanta
• Sherman clashed with General Johnston
and the Confederates outside of Atlanta
(60,000 men)
• Because of shortages of ammunition and
men, Johnston retreated southward
• President Davis (CSA) fired Johnston and
replaced him with General Hood
• Hood lost the battle of Atlanta
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign
• When General Sherman and the Union
Army arrived in Atlanta, he gave the
people of Atlanta five days to leave the city
• Five days later, Sherman had his troops
burn Atlanta to the ground on November
15, 1864
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• After burning Atlanta, Sherman and his
troops (60,000 by this point) marched
through Georgia to Savannah
• The plan was for the army to feed itself
with what it found
• The path was 60 miles wide and three
hundred miles long
• They took everything they could use and
destroyed what they could not use (total
war)
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Animals were slaughtered but not eaten
• Stored crops were emptied onto the
ground
• Houses were looted and burned
• Railroads were destroyed
• The move took 2 months
• This march generated bad feelings
between the North and South even years
after the war was over