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Unit 4 – Circulatory, Respiratory and Excretory System Test Date ___________________ Project Due ________________________________ Lesson 1 – The Cardiovascular System Homework: read pages 176-179 and take notes Warm –up 1. _____ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ Finding Target Heart rate (220 – age) x .65 = 65% fitness level (220 – age) x .85 = 85% fitness level In order to be considered physically fit you must reach your target heart rate for 30 consecutive minutes, 3 days a week. The top formula calculates your heart rate at a 65% fitness level and the bottom formula calculates your heart rate at an 85% fitness level. - As you become more physically fit your resting heart rate can decrease over time due to the fact that it doesn’t have to work as hard. - heart – - made of cardiac muscle tissue - 2 sides - right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs - left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body - each side has 2 chambers - upper chamber – atrium - lower chamber – ventricle - valves - located between chambers and where large arteries attach to the heart - prevent blood from going backward - the sound of heartbeat we hear is caused by them closing 1 - Blood Vessels - Arties – - carries blood away from the heart to the body’s organs - heartbeat pumps blood into arties at high pressure – blood pressure - pulse – rhythmic changes in your blood pressure - Capillaries - tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in other tissue - only 1 cell thick - bring nutrients, oxygen and other substances to the cells - removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells - Veins - in biology, a vessel that carries blood to the heart - pushed back to the heart when muscles contract In the capillaries — blood takes up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Oxygen-rich blood travels through the veins of the left atrium Right ventricle pumps oxygenpoor blood into the arteries that lead to the lungs Heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle into arteries and then into capillaries Oxygen-poor blood travels back into the heart As blood travels through capillaries, it transports oxygen, nutrients and water to the cells while carrying away waste materials and carbon dioxide 2 - Cardiovascular Problems - Causes – smoking, high levels of cholesterol in the blood, stress, physical inactivity or heredity - can help – eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise - Atherosclerosis - the buildup of material inside the artery which can become blocked restricting blood flow that can lead to a heart attack - High Blood Pressure (hypertension) - abnormally high blood pressure - can lead to a stroke – blood vessel in the brain become clogged or rupture - brain cells can die because of lack of oxygen - Heart Attack - happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is damages - Heart Failure - happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs Lesson 2 – Blood Homework: read pages 182-185 and take notes Blood Type game http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donor-zone/games/blood-type Receiver’s Blood type Can receive type O? Can receive Type A? O A B AB 3 Can receive Type B? Can receive Type AB? - The circulatory system is made up of your heart, blood vessels and blood — is responsible for transporting needed materials to the body’s cells. Blood – the fluid that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body and that is made up of plasma, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. - helps regulate the body’s temperature by enlarging and shrinking - Plasma – mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins and other substances, and contains the following - Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) - take oxygen to every cell - hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein and give blood its red color - Platelets - pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow - last only 5 to 10 days - clump together to plug a damage area to reduce blood loss and release chemicals to help blood clot - White Blood Cells (WBC’s) - help keep the body healthy by destroying pathogens and clean wounds - fight pathogens - destroy them by releasing antibodies - destroy body cells that have died or been damaged - created in bone marrow and mature in the lymphatic system 4 - Blood Pressure – the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries and is given in 2 numbers - Systolic pressure is the pressure inside large arteries when the ventricles contract - diastolic pressure is the pressure inside the arteries when the ventricles relax Blood Types - 4 types – A, B, AB, or O - antigens are the surface chemicals on RBC’s that make blood different types - Also have different antibodies in the plasma which Lesson 3 – The Respiratory System Homework: read pages 190-193- and take notes Snore Lab Questions 1. How was your humming different when wax paper was pressed to your mouth? 2. Use your observations to guess what might cause snoring. 5 - Respiration – the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells and their environment; includes breathing (inhaling and exhaling) and cellular respiration (chemical reaction that release energy from food) - Respiratory System – a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. - Nose – main passageway into the system - Pharynx (throat) – passage from the mouth to the larynx and esophagus – branches into two tubes – esophagus goes to the stomach while the larynx goes to the lungs - Larynx – area of the throat that contains the vocal cords ( elastic bands that stretch across the larynx) and produces vocal sounds when air flowing between them makes the cords vibrate - Trachea (windpipe) – the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs - Bronchi – one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea - Alveoli – any of the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. This exchange between the alveoli and capillaries allows oxygen to enter the blood. 6 Cellular Respiration - oxygen is used by cells to release energy stored in molecules of glucose. - oxygen is diffused out of the red blood cells and into each cell - cells use the oxygen to release chemical energy – during, carbon dioxide and water are produced – carbon dioxide is exhaled from the lungs Lesson 4 – Excretory or Urinary System Homework: read pages 212-215 and take notes Warm-up — 1. ___________________ 2. ____________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________ - Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. - Urinary System – the organs that produce, store and eliminate urine - Kidney – one of the pair of organs that filter water and wastes from the blood and that excrete products as urine - Nephrons — microscopic filters in the kidney that Remove water and other harmful substances from the blood Water Balance - sweat – evaporation of water from your skin to cool – causes less saliva to produced causing you to become thirsty - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – controls the amount of water in the bloodstream and amount of urine produced - Diuretics – causes your body to make more urine taking water from your blood 7 8 9 Lesson 5 – Respiratory and Urinary System Disorders Respiratory Disorders - asthma - cause the bronchioles to narrow – has difficulty breathing and may be triggered by irritants such as dust or pollen - emphysema - happens when the alveoli have been damaged. People have trouble getting the oxygen they need - SARS – severe acute respiratory syndrome - caused by a virus Urinary System Problems - Bacterial Infections - painful infections that needs to be treated before it reaches the kidneys can be permanently damaged - Kidney Stones - salts and other wastes that collect inside in the kidneys - Kidney Disease - damaged nephrons which causes the person to have to use a kidney machine to filter waste from the blood Lesson 6 – The Integumentary System and review of other excretory systems Homework: read pages 162-165 and take notes - Integumentary System – the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body — Your skin is the largest organ in your body 10 Warm-up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Functions of Skin - keeps water in and foreign particles out - nerve endings let you feel things around you - sweat — regulate body temperature and also removes waste Layers of Skin - epidermis – the surface layer of cells on a plant or animal - dermis – the layer of skin below the epidermis –made of protein called collagen that provides strength 11 12 Study Guide Circulatory system — responsible for transporting needed materials to the body’s cells Heart — made up of cardiac muscle tissue 2 sides — right pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs — left pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body and heart - upper chamber — atrium / lower chamber — ventricle In the lungs oxygen is added to blood while carbon dioxide is removed Cardiovascular system includes: heart, arteries, capillaries and veins - 2 types of blood circulation — pulmonary and systemic Cardiovascular problems — atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, heart attack and heart failure Blood pressure — the force exerted on the walls of the arteries — systolic and diastolic Main components of blood : plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets - primary function — carrying oxygen and nutrients, fight pathogens and reducing blood loss - Blood types — A, B, AB, and O Respiration — exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells - breathing and cellular respiration alveoli and capillaries work together to allow oxygen to enter the blood Trachea — tube that connects the larynx to the lungs Urinary System — organs that produce, store and eliminate urine - excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body Nephrons — microscopic filters in the kidney that remove waste and other harmful substance from the blood diuretics — makes the body expel liquid Urinary system disorders: bacterial infections, kidney stones and kidney disease Respiratory disorders: SARS, emphysema and asthma Integumentary System — forms a protective covering on the outside of the body - skin is the largest organ in your body Functions of skin - keep water in/foreign particles out — lets you feels things you — sweat which regulates body temperature and removes waste. 13