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PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL MICROORGANISM OR MICROBE • 1. Small living organism • 2. Not visible to the naked eye • 3. Must be viewed under a microscope • 4. Found everywhere in the environment, including on and in the human body • Many microorganisms are part of normal flora of the body; flora is microbial organisms in environment such as the intestinal, vaginal, oral, or urinary systems • a. Beneficial in maintaining certain body processes • b. Called nonpathogens • Other microorganisms cause infection and disease • a. these are called pathogens or germs • At times, a microorganism that is beneficial in one body system can become pathogenic in another body system • a. Bacteria called Escherichia coli (E. coil) is part of the natural flora of the large intestine • b. If E. coli enters urinary system, it causes an infection CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS • Bacteria • a. Simple one-celled plants that multiply rapidly • b. Classified by shape and arrangement • c. Some diseases caused by bacteria: • (1) meningitis • (2) gonorrhea • (3) boils • (4) wound infections • (5) typhoid • (6) syphilis Congenital Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Primary Syphilis Boils • Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria • Some strains of bacteria have be come antibioticresistant • Means that the antibiotic is no longer effective against the bacteria MRSA PROTOZOA • a. One-celled animal-like organism • b. Often found in decayed materials and contaminated water • d. Some protozoa are pathogenic and cause diseases such as: • (1) malaria • (2) amebic dysentery trichomonas • (3) African sleeping sickness Malaria African Sleeping Sickness FUNGI • Simple plantlike organisms • Live on dead organic matter • Yeasts and molds are two common forms of fungi that can be pathogenic • Cause diseases such as: • (1) ringworm • (2) athlete’s foot • (3) histoplasmosis • (4) yeast vaginitis • (5) thrush Athlete’s Foot Thrush Ringworm • Antibiotics do not kill fungi • Antifungal medications are available for many of the pathogenic fungi • These medications are expensive, must be taken internally for a long period of time, and may cause liver damage RICKETTSIAE • Parasitic microorganisms • (1) Cannot live outside the cells of an other living organism • (2) Commonly found on fleas, lice, ticks, and mites • (3) Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects • Cause diseases such as: • (1) typhus fever • (2) Rocky Mountain spotted fever • Antibiotics are effective against many different rickettsiae Fleas, Ticks, Lice Rocky Mountain spotted fever cycle Typhus lesion VIRUSES • Smallest microorganisms, visible only in an electron microscope • Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell • Spread from human to human by blood and body secretions • Very difficult to kill • (1) Resistant to many disinfectants • (2) Not affected by antibiotics • Cause many diseases such as: • (1) common cold • (2) measles • (3) mumps • (4) chicken pox • (5) herpes • (6) influenza • (7) polio Herpes Chicken pox Mumps Measles • Three diseases of major concern to health care workers • (1) Hepatitis B or serum hepatitis • Caused by the HBV virus • Transmitted by blood serum and body secretions • Affects the liver and can lead to destruction and scarring of liver cells • Vaccine has been developed to protect individuals from this disease • Vaccine is expensive and involves a series of three injections • Under federal law, employers must provide the vaccination at no cost to any health care worker with occupational exposure to blood or other body secretions • Individual does have the right to refuse the vaccination, but a written record must be kept proving that the vaccine was offered • (2)Hepatitis C • Caused by the hepatitis C virus, or HCV • Transmitted by blood and blood containing body fluids • Many individuals who contact the disease are asymptomatic (display no symptoms) • Others have mild symptoms that are often diagnosed as influenza or flu • HCV can cause serious liver damage • At present there is no preventive immunization, but a vaccine is being developed • Both HBV and HCV are extremely difficult to destroy • Viruses can even remain active for several days in dried blood • Health care workers must take every precaution to protect themselves from hepatitis viruses • (3) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficient Virus) • Suppresses the immune system • Individual cannot fight off many cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person • No cure at present and no vaccine available FACTORS REQUIRED FOR GROWTH: • 1. Microorganisms need certain things to grow and reproduce • 2. Most microorganisms prefer a warm environment, and body temperature is ideal • 3. Darkness is also preferred by most microorganisms, and many are killed quickly by sunlight • 4. Source of food and moisture is needed • 5. Need for oxygen varies • a. Aerobic organisms require oxygen to live • b. Anaerobic organisms live and reproduce in absence of oxygen • 6. Human body is ideal supplier of all of the requirements HOW DO PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE? PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS CAUSE INFECTION AND DISEASE IN DIFFERENT WAYS: • 1. Some pathogens produce poisons, called toxins, which harm body • a. Example is bacillus tetanus • b. Produces toxins that damage central nervous system • 2. Some pathogens cause an allergic reaction resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing • 3. Other pathogens attack and destroy the living cells they invade • a. Example is the protozoan that causes malaria • b. Invades red blood cells and causes them to rupture CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISEASES AND INFECTIONS • Classified as endogenous, exogenous, nosocomial, and opportunistic • Endogenous • 1) Means the infection or disease originates within the body • 2). Includes metabolic disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms within the body • Exogenous • 1) Means that the infection or disease originates outside the body • 2) Examples include pathogenic organisms that invade the body, radiation, chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes • Nosocomial • 1) Infections acquired by an individual in a health care facility, such as a hospital or long-term care facility • 2) Usually present in facility and transmitted by health care workers to the patient • 3) Many of the pathogens transmitted in this manner are antibiotic-resistant • 4) Can cause a serious and even life-threatening infection • 5) Common examples: • (a) Staphylococcus • (b) Pseudomonas • (c) Enterococci • 6) Infection control programs are used in health care facilities to prevent and deal with nosocomial infections • Opportunistic • 1) Infections that occur when the body’s defenses are weak • 2) Diseases do not usually occur in individuals with an intact immune system • 3) Examples include the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (a rare type of cancer) or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals with AIDS COMMON BODY DEFENSES • 1. Mucous membrane that lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tract and traps pathogens • 2. Cilia (tiny, hairlike structures) lining the respiratory tract to propel pathogens out of the body • 3. Coughing and sneezing • 4. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach to destroy pathogens • 5. Tears in the eye that contain bacteriocidal (killing bacteria) chemicals • 6. Fever • 7. Inflammation resulting in leukocytes or white blood cells destroying pathogens • 8. Immune response • a. Body produces antibodies, protective proteins that combat pathogens • b. Cells secrete protective chemicals such as interferon • 9. Human becomes susceptible host in some instances • a. Large numbers of the pathogen invade the body • b. Body defenses are weak • 10. Ending the chain of infection • a. If any part of the chain can be eliminated, the spread of disease or infection will be stopped • b. Follow practices to interrupt or break this chain • c. Prevent the transmission of disease • d. Important to remember that pathogens are everywhere • e. Preventing pathogen transmission is a continuous process