Download I. Napoleon Bonaparte life: (1769-1821).

I. Napoleon Bonaparte
life: (1769-1821).
October 1795: Crushed peasant rebels who tried to attack National Convention.
1796: the Directory (Executive Body created in 1795 as part of the new government),
appointed Napoleon to lead the French Army.
Napoleon led a coup d’etat against the French government (November 1799).
coup d’etat – a sudden seizure of political power in a nation.
-end of Republican phase of Revolution
-Napoleon stabilized France – promised order to the many who was exhausted by
Revolution
Directory Dissolved.
-Popular Authoritarianism
Napoleon becomes Dictator of France.
Concordat (1801) – a formal agreement, especially one between the pope and a
government, dealing with the control of Church affairs.
Pope Pius VII.
Napoleonic Code – a comprehensive and uniform system of laws
established for France by Napoleon.
-political and property rights not allowed for women
-restricted speech and expression
1803: Sold Louisiana Purchase for $15 million to United States.
--President Thomas Jefferson.
-- December 2, 1804: Napoleon becomes Emperor of France.
Put church under his control.
--Ceremony at Notre Dame Cathedral.
European Front.
-No single European nation could defeat Napoleon
Battle of Austerlitz (December 2, 1805).
--As a result, Austria, Prussia, and Russia eventually signed
peace treaties with Napoleon.
--Napoleon built the largest European Empire since Roman
Empire.
Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805).
--An 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon’s army was
defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio
Nelson.
--Showed Napoleon’s naval weaknesses, and he could never invade Great
Britain.
Empire Crumbles:
Continental System – Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain
and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy.
blockade – the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or
leaving a city or region.
Goal: Hurt British economy since it can’t trade with European mainland.
this policy failed because Great Britain had a stronger navy and made its own blockade
against France and its allies.
Black market: illegal trade in smuggled goods.
Peninsular War – a conflict lasting from 1808-1813, in which Spanish rebels with the aid
of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon’s French troops out of Spain. (Called the
Spanish Ulcer).
Iberian Peninsula.
guerrillas – members of loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on
enemy troops occupying their own country.
Napoleon lost 300,000 soldiers.
Czar Alexander I began trading again with Great Britain (1812).
Result = Napoleon invaded Russia (Moscow) with 600,000 troops.
severe winter, cold, starvation, and Russian attacks reduced Napoleon’s Grand Army to
30,000 soldiers.
scorched-earth policy – the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime
so that the enemy cannot live off the land.
Czar Alexander I defeated Napoleon.
The Battle of Leipzig (October 1813) (German City)
Napoleon’s Grand Army is defeated.
Napoleon is exiled to island of Elba, but eventually returns to France.
Hundred Days – Napoleon’s last bid for power, deposing the king, and becoming
Emperor again.
The Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815) (Belgium).
The final defeat of Napoleon.
Exiled to island of St. Helena.
Revolution Spreads (1789-1850)
Haitian Revolution: 1781-1804
Saint Domingue (French Colony) on Island of Hispaniola – one of the richest colonies in
America
One of the most brutal slave regimes in Caribbean
Turmoil in France – French inability to control colony
Conflict between slaves and whites: gens de couleur sent representatives to France to
gain equal rights for blacks
Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture seized control of the French colony (1794)
Napoleon tried to regain control of colony again in 1802
L’Ouverture captured
Although = Napoleon failed in taking over colony
Haiti established (1804) – independent republic
-Close to one hundred thousand Haitian people died for independence
-Economy destroyed
Public administration – corrupted – more than a decade of violence
Congress of Vienna – series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the
European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the
defeat of Napoleon.
Major Countries at Conference:
Russia.
Prussia.
Austria.
Great Britain.
France.
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria.
Wanted powerful countries to surround France.
Prevent future French wars.
Balance of power – a political situation in which no one country is powerful enough to
pose a threat to others.
Restore Europe’s royal families.
Legitimacy – the hereditary right of a monarch to rule.
Holy Alliance:
Russia
Prussia
↓
↓
Czar Alexander I
Austria
↓
Emperor Francis I
King Frederick William III
Based relations on Christian principles.
Concert of Europe – series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century,
devised by Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.
Nationalism began to spread which would lead to future revolutions.
Nationalism:
Greece demanded independence in 1821 from the Ottoman Empire.
With support from Great Britain, France, and Russia; Greece became independent in
1829.
Revolutions of 1830.
Occurred in Brussels, the states of Italy, Polish territory, as well as in France against the
conservative governments.
Revolts were crushed by governments, but instability was present.
Revolutions of 1848.
Occurred in France, Prussia, German Confederation, Austrian Empire, Italian States,
Russian Empire (in Poland), and the Ottoman Empire.
Ethnic uprisings.
Europe:
Desire: for national self-determination and democratic reform
Results of the Revolutions of 1848.
Emperor Ferdinand of Austria abdicated his throne.
abdicate – to give up.
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria resigned.
Liberals made few gains and by 1849, conservatism returned to the governments of
Europe.
French Monarchy overthrown = elected President (Louis Napoleon)
--Revolutions failed to gain either Nationalist or Republican objectives
France: Monarchy had to accept constitutional rule and extend voting privileges
In United States, Franchise extended after the War of 1812
Great Britain; Reform Act of 1832 & Repeal of Corn Laws (1846) = 50% increase in
voters
Comparisons:
American Revolution:
Expenses of colonial wars – new taxes on colonials
Resentment in British American colonies = Independence Movement
New American Government = democratic ideals of Enlightenment
French Revolution:
More radical form of representative democracy than the one founded in United States
More violence in French Revolution than in American Revolution
French Revolution led to Haitian Revolution and Haiti’s Independence