Download Extent of colonization in square miles in the World as of 1914 [The

Imperialism
Web Quest
Project
• http://www.school
tube.com/video/ac
2414c89334f8b8b9
b6/
• Click the link
above.
• This video will give
you a summary of
the causes of
imperialism.
• Watch from the What is imperialism?
beginning until
the time says 5:18.
Extent of colonization in square miles
in the World as of 1914 [The year WWI started]
Imperialism in China
Before we get into Western
Imperialism in China, we should
probably talk about China’s history
so you’re up-to-date on what’s been
happening.
Chinese Government
• When you think Chinese History, think of
dynasties.
– A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family or line.
• China had dynasties for thousands of years.
• The leader of the dynasty, or China, was the
Emperor.
• The last Chinese dynasty ended 100 years ago, so
they don’t have dynasties anymore.
• The rise and fall of dynasties follows a pattern
known as the Dynastic Cycle.
Start here
Emperor is
defeated !!
Rebel bands find
strong leader who
unites them.
Attack the emperor.
Poor lose
respect for govt.
They join rebels
& attack landlords.
A new
dynasty
comes to power.
The emperor
reforms the govt.
and makes it more
efficient.
The
Dynastic
Cycle
Droughts,
floods,
famines occur.
Lives of common
people improve;
taxes reduced;
farming encouraged.
Problems begin
(extensive wars,
invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;
men forced to
work for army.
Farming neglected.
Govt. increases
spending;
corruption.
Dynasties of China
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Qin
Han
Warring States
Sui
Tang
Song
Yuan
Ming
Qing
• These are the dynasties of
China, but you will only
learn about two of them.
• The Ming and the Qing.
Ming Dynasty
1368-1644
Before the Ming Dynasty
• China was ruled by foreigners for thousands of
years.
• Right before the Ming Dynasty China was ruled by
Mongols, people from Mongolia, which is a
country above China.
• However, by the middle of the 1300s, the Mongols
were struggling to keep control, because:
– There was the Black Plague in China.
– They continued to lose land that they had previously
captured.
– Their enemies kept increasing.
Start of the MING dynasty
• Because the Mongols were becoming weaker, the
Chinese finally overthrew the Mongols and
pushed them out of China.
• This was the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.
• As a result, the Chinese People are going to begin
to express themselves and their new found pride
in controlling themselves.
• They do this by having their own “renaissance”
which is called “The Cultural Revolution.”
Cultural revolution
• It was a revolution [change]
in culture [way people lives
and expressed themselves]!
• So, what changed?
1. Printing
2. Literacy
3. Art
4. Culture
Chinese Cultural Revolution
Invention of
printing using
wooden
blocks and
invention of
cheap paper.
Leads to
explosion in
literacy.
Chinese Cultural
Revolution!!!
Nation wide
school system is
developed
Increased literacy leads
to interest in new ideas
and things: Literature,
Painting, ceramics, and opera.
MING Dynasty’s contact With Europe
• The Ming Dynasty didn’t have any contact
with Europe for hundreds of years.
• The Ming Dynasty kept itself isolated from
the outside world.
• In 1514, Portugal arrived in china.
• The Chinese responded to this contact by
giving the Portuguese presence little
thought. However, it did cause some
curiosity among the Chinese people and the
European nations.
Fall of Ming Dynasty
• In 1644, the Ming Dynasty is overthrown by
foreigners. These foreigners were the
Manchurians, which were people from
Manchuria.
• Today, Manchuria is a part of China.
Qing Dynasty
1644-1911
Start of the Qing Dynasty
• Manchurians had taken control of China
from the Ming Dynasty, which meant China
no longer controlled itself.
• Despite this change in control, a couple
things did stay the same. This included the
culture of the country and the fact that the
emperor still lived in the “Forbidden City”.
• Because of this change in control, China did
began to trade with Europe.
Chinese View of
Trade During the
Qing Dynasty
• China placed restrictions
on European trade by
only allowing the
Europeans to trade at a
few selected ports.
• Also, China only allowed
its people to buy silver
from the Europeans.
• Buying any other
product was against the
law.
European View of
Trade During the Qing
Dynasty
• Because Europe really
wanted to trade with
China, there was a huge
demand for Chinese
goods.
• This demand included
products such as, silk,
porcelain, tea, and spices.
• Because of the restrictions
the Chinese government
placed on trade with
Europe, the European
traders were unable to
meet the demand of its
people for Chinese goods.
• Another problem was that
China would only accept
silver from Britain and
Britain had a limited
supply of silver to give.
Britain’s Solution to Their Problem
• Because of the limitations the Chinese had
placed on trade with Europeans, the British
had to find a way around these laws in
order to keep making money and get
Chinese goods.
• The British answer to this problem was to
start selling the Chinese opium, which is a
highly addictive drug.
What is Opium?
• Opium is a very addictive drug
made from the juice of a poppy
plant.
• Opium, morphine, heroin, and
codeine are made from this
plant.
• Using this drug can cause
intense feelings of well-being
and addiction to opium.
• This drug is still a big problem in
South East Asia.
Britain’s Plan
• England takes over the country of India
and starts growing opium there. Once
the opium was made and packaged, it
was shipped from India to China.
• England illegally imported or smuggled
the opium into China.
• As a result of this plan the Chinese
people became addicted to the drug
and were glad to keep buying it from
the British.
• As can be expected, the Chinese
government was mad.
Response of the Chinese Government
• The Chinese government responded by
destroying all opium.
• The government raided houses, British
ships, and warehouses in order to find the
drug.
Britain Responds with the Opium Wars
• Britain responds by starting a war.
• This war was between the British and the Chinese
government.
• In the end, the British won in a humiliating defeat
of the Chinese.
• There were two Opium Wars.
• The Second Opium War started and ended the
same way as the First Opium War did.
Results of the Opium Wars
•
•
•
•
After the Chinese were defeated in the
Opium Wars, they were forced to open all of
their ports.
Also, the Chinese were forced to legalize
opium.
Because of the legalization of Opium, the
British became extremely rich by selling
opium to the Chinese.
China was also forced to give the island of
Hong Kong to Britain. Hong Kong wasn’t
returned to China until 1997.
After the Opium War
• Now that China’s ports were opened,
everyone began to trade with China and
China could do nothing about it.
• France, England, Germany, Portugal, and
even Japan began to have a “Sphere of
Influence” over China.
• A sphere of influence is a country that has
control or influence over another country’s
economy.
China Makes One Last Attempt
• China tries to make one last attempt to beat
the Europeans and push them out of China.
• This attempt is known as the Boxer
Rebellion.
Boxer Rebellion
• http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperi
alism/#boxer1
• Go to this link to read about the Boxer
Rebellion.
• Answer the related questions in your
packet.
Results of the Boxer rebellion
• Europe and American troops invade
China in order to put down the Boxer
Rebellion.
• As a result, the Boxer Rebellion fails
and the beginnings of civil war are seen
in China.
Civil War
• The Chinese people were tired of losing
wars and rebellions and they disagreed on if
they should trade with Europeans or not.
• The Chinese people disagreed on whether
or not to trade with the Europeans. Also,
they disagreed on the government. Some
thought the government was fine, while
others thought a new form of government
should be adopted.
• This new form was Communism.
End of the Qing Dynasty
• Civil war broke out and the emperor went
into hiding because half the people in
China were against the government.
• Therefore, following the Dynastic Cycle, the
Qing Dynasty fell.
The Last Emperor of China
• The last emperor of China
was Pu Yi.
• He became the emperor at
age 2, during Qing
Dynasty.
• In 1912, Pu Yi was kicked
out at the age of 6. His
family and servants all
leave the Forbidden
Palace and go into hiding.
• Civil War breaks out in
China and lasts for the
next decade.
• Therefore, the Qing was
the last dynasty of China
and Pu Yi was the last
Emperor of China.
Japan
• Japan was able to keep foreign powers out of its lands
longer than any other Asian nations.
• Gradually, however, Japan allowed missionary activity
and commercial trade. Both of which broke down
Japan’s resistance.
• In 1854, when the United States and other Western
nations were allowed in the country, antiWesternization rioting broke out and it looked as if
Japan would follow the footsteps of China.
• However, the anti-Westernization movement turned
inward and targeted the shogun, or Japanese ruler, who
had allowed the Western nations to come into Japan.
• In 1867 the Japanese people demanded a restoration of
the emperor.
• In 1868, Emperor Mutsuhito began his reign which is
called the Meiji period. The emperor’s policies managed
to limit Western imperialism, while learning about
Western technology, politics, government, trade,
science, and finance.
Japan
• By 1895, Japan had defeated China in a war
over Korea. As a result, the Chinese gave
Taiwan to the Japanese.
• In 1900 Japanese troops helped Europeans and
Americans put down the Boxer Rebellion in
China.
• In 1904, Japan also defeated Russia in war.
• Finally, after World War I, Japan-as Britain's
ally-was awarded the former German
territories in China's Shandong peninsula.
• Following the model of the Western powers,
Japan had become an imperial nation, while
China had been reduced from a powerful
empire to a victim of imperialism.
Setting the Stage for Imperialism in
Southeast Asia
Imperialism in Vietnam
French in Vietnam
• In Vietnam the French grabbed lands and began to build
plantations that produced rubber and other forest products.
• Vietnamese farmers were ignored. Vietnam's farmers continued
to suffer from the usual droughts and floods.
• A new class of Vietnamese had come into being: people who
labored for the French as servants in mines, on French
plantations, construction sites, or in factories. The French paid
them as little as they could. As in Africa, the French were taxing
the Vietnamese and drafting them to labor on public works. On
one such project -- the Hanoi-Yunnan Phu railway -- 25,000
Vietnamese died. Conditions in Vietnam in general were
creating a decline in Vietnam's population.
• In 1908, Vietnamese farmers responded to a rise in taxes by
marching to the French administration headquarters. For weeks,
thousands of peasants picketed the governor's office. The
protest spread, and the French retaliated. Demonstrators were
gunned down and whole villages were burned to the ground.
Thousands were arrested, and two Vietnamese scholars who had
spoken against French policies were executed.
Vietnam Prezi
• http://prezi.com/u3h_svth5wq_/present/?auth
_key=kkx9g7f&follow=_r6znt_ruswl&kw=pres
ent-u3h_svth5wq_&rc=ref-16052024
• Click the link above to learn about Imperialism
in Vietnam!
• Answer the related questions in your packet.
• http://prezi.com/u3h_svth5wq_/imperialismin-vietnam/ - Use this link if the one above
doesn’t work.
Imperialism in Africa
Background
• In the early 1800s, European nations had just a toehold in
Africa, holding only areas along the coast. Renewed
interest in Africa rose from a desire to create overseas
empires, a movement called imperialism. As a result of
these factors, the nations of Europe began to seize lands
in Africa. Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups,
kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans established
colonial claims. Technology helped them succeed. Steam
engines, railroads, and telegraphs made them able to
penetrate deep into Africa and still have contact with the
home country. Machine guns gave them a weapon of far
greater power than any African peoples possessed. They
were also helped by the lack of unity among African
peoples. The events called the European "scramble for
Africa" began in the 1880s. The Europeans began to build
plantations where they grew peanuts, palm oil, cocoa,
and rubber. They also took important minerals. The
Congo produced copper and tin.
Summary of Imperialism in Africa
• http://pols306503.wordpress.com/2010/09/1
3/video-link-discovery-channels-europeanimperialism-in-africa/
• Click the link above to watch a video which
summarizes European Imperialism in
Africa.
• Answer the related questions in the packet.
Motivations for Imperialism
• The Portuguese were the 1st Europeans to reach
the southern tip of Africa in the late 15th
century. For Europeans, this land promised a
sea route to India.
• Portuguese fishing settlements developed
across the southern coast.
• In 1652 the Dutch East India Company
established a port at the Cape of Good Hope.
This was the beginning of Dutch settlements
across South Africa.
Motivations Continued…
• Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) and Boers
(Dutch farmers in South Africa) enslaved
the native African populations and forced
them to work on farms, in mines, and as
servants.
• Because of the value of South Africa’s ports
and in order to keep France from annexing
the colony, Britain captured South Africa in
1806.
More Motivations…
• The British abolished the slavery in
the colony and this angered the Dutch
because their economy was based on
slave labor.
• Because of this, the Dutch began a
large scale migration to the interior of
the country. This became known as
the “Great Trek” in 1837.
• The Dutch settled on the land of the Zulu, an African Kingdom. This
led to conflicts between the two groups as they fought over control of
the land.
• In the end, the Dutch defeated the Zulu’s and established laws
segregating whites and blacks in the colony.
• The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 would bring the
conflicts between the Dutch, British, and native African populations to
a new level.
Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
•
•
•
•
•
•
Because of its size, surface features, climate, resources, and strategic importance, Africa became a prime candidate for
conquest by ambitious European empires. Although Africa is physically remote from the power centers of Europe, North
America, and Asia, it is surrounded by water and can therefore be reached easily from the other continents. This meant
that the Europeans needed to establish rules for dealing with one another if they were to avoid constant bloodshed and
competition for African resources. The Berlin Conference established those ground rules.
By the mid-nineteenth century, Europeans had established colonies all along the African coast and competed for control.
The push for overseas territories was made even more intense by the Industrial Revolution and the need for cheap labor,
raw material, and new markets. The competition between the Europeans often lead to violent conflict.
The conference was held in Berlin between November 15, 1884 and November 26, 1885, under the leadership of German
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Although controlling the slave trade and promoting humanitarian idealism were said to be
the focus of the conference, the conference only passed empty resolutions about the ending of slave trade and providing
for the welfare of Africa. In truth, the result of the Conference was a method of dividing the continent of Africa between
the European powers.
Article 34 of the Berlin Act states that any European nation that took possession of an African coast, or named themselves
as “protectorate” of one, had to inform the other powers of the Berlin Act of this action. If this was not done then their
claim would not be recognized. This article introduced the “spheres of influence” doctrine, the control of a coast also
meant that they would control the surrounding area to an almost unlimited distance.
The Berlin Act was an important change in international affairs. It created the rules for “effective occupation” of
conquered lands, ensuring that the division of Africa would take place without war among the European powers. Through
the Berlin Act, the European powers justified dividing a continent among themselves without considering the desires of
the indigenous peoples.
While this appears extremely arrogant to us now, it seemed to them to be the obvious extension of their imperialism. The
Berlin Conference is one of the most clear examples of the assumptions and preconceptions of this era, and its effects on
Africa can still be seen today.
Africa Map Comparison
African Political Divisions in 1913
British Imperialism South Africa
Increase in British Imperialism
• With the support of industrialization, Britain
successfully set up their colonies in South Africa .
They were motivated by their need for natural
resources, cash crops, and a continent of consumers.
• Discovery of gold and diamonds in the 1870s
accelerated the British economic control over the
national economy of South Africa because the
production of diamonds was solely controlled by the
English.
• Because the diamonds and gold was discovered on
land that was being fought over by the Dutch,
English, and Africans, these three groups began
fighting.
Increase in British Imperialism
• The British, wanting to control the
riches, launched attacks on lands
held by the Dutch and Zulus.
• The British attacked the Zulu’s in
1879 in the Anglo-Zulu War. In the
beginning the Zulu were
successful, but eventually the
British won.
• After this victory, the British could
focus on the Dutch. This led to…..
1st Boer War
• The 1st Boer War began in 1880 and lasted
until 1881.
• The Boers (Dutch) used guerilla warfare
tactics, which were better suited for the
local geography, to repel the advances of the
British.
• However, the British weren’t giving up.
2nd Boer War
• The British brought a greater number of
forces to the 2nd Boer War.
• This war began in 1899 and ended in 1902.
• This time the British were able to defeat the
Boers. This allowed the British to gain full
control of South Africa.
While Under British Control
• Accepting the fact that English speakers would never be the
majority in white South Africa, the British decided to accept the
Afrikaner majority. In 1907 the British granted limited selfgovernment.
• In 1908, the South African Party (SAP), led by an enemy of
British imperialism, came to power in the Cape Colony.
• Negotiations held in 1908 and 1909 produced a constitution
with three principles:
– South Africa would adopt the a government in which political
power would be won by a simple majority and parliament was
supreme.
– The question of voting rights for black would be left up to each of
the four (The Transvaal, the Free State, Natal, an the Cape)
colonies. (Remember: white settlers were left in charge.) In the
end, two colonies based this right on land holdings and two denied
blacks the right to vote.
– English and Dutch would be the official languages.
Still under the British….
• In May 1910, the first prime minister established the
Union of South Africa, which was a dominion of the
British Empire.
• In 1910, a new constitution combined the areas of
Transvaal, the Free State, Natal, and the Cape, into a
single country. This union allowed the white
population to dominate the black community.
• By 1910, South Africa was a powerful settler state,
but only about 20% of the population of the newly
formed union was white or European.
• The 1920’s brought a lot of conflict to South Africa,
while the 1930’s brought about political change.
• In 1934 Independence was granted to South Africa
with the white minority population left to control
the country.
South Africa After Britain
• After South Africa was granted its
independence, the government, controlled
by the National Party, adopted a policy
known as apartheid, meaning
“separateness”.
• Under apartheid non-whites were viewed as
second class citizens. This resulted in strict
segregation. Marriages between whites and
non-whites were forbidden as well.
Under the Apartheid
• Laws were passed requiring non-whites to
carry “passes”, or identity papers, to travel
around the country.
• Blacks were restricted to low paying jobs
and were forbidden to vote.
• Anyone that spoke out against the apartheid
was quickly jailed and often beaten by local
police.
Apartheid Opposition
• Despite these laws, many South Africans
refused to sit by and do nothing.
• Groups like the Pan African Congress (PAC)
and the African National Congress (ANC),
called on blacks to defy the ‘pass laws’.
• In response, thousands of people in the
black township of Sharpeville marched to
the police station and turned in their
passes. The police opened fire, killing 69
and wounding 180 in what became known
as the Sharpeville Massacre.
Government Response to Opposition
• In response to the opposition, the
government banned anti-apartheid groups
like the PAC and the ANC.
• This pushed these groups underground and
they began a more militant movement
which supported armed resistance to the
apartheid.
• One of these groups was led by a young
lawyer names Nelson Mandela.
Nelson Mandela
• Mandela became one of the main
leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and
a major enemy of the government.
• In 1964 Mandela and the rest of the ANC
leadership were arrested, convicted of
sabotage, and sentenced to life in jail.
• Opposition continued to grow across the
country and many gave their lives fighting
against the apartheid.
Pressure from the World
• The world noticed the protests in the country and in
the 1970s began to pressure South Africa to end the
apartheid.
• Facing opposition from the rest of the world, the
South African President slowly began repealing
apartheid laws in the late 1980s and in 1990 he
released Nelson Mandela from jail.
• The President and Mandela worked for the next 4
years creating a new constitution and ending all
apartheid laws in the country.
• The apartheid finally ended in 1994 when Mandela
became President.
Lasting Effects
• British desire for natural resources, slave labors and
political dominance brought about long-term effects to
South Africa, the negative effects include widespread
racial discrimination and economic exploitation, but
there were few positive effects which were the advances
in agriculture, mining industry and education. Today
South Africa continues to work to repair the mistakes of
it’s past. In 1995 the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission was created to expose the crimes of the
apartheid system to the world. The social and economic
status of blacks in the country continues to be a major
focus of the new government including improving
education and job opportunities for South Africa’s black
population.
Linking Imperialism to Today
Current Map of Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Background of the Congo
• The Congo was one of the last places on the
continent to be traveled by European explorers.
• In 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Henry M.
Stanley to explore the Congo. Like other European
nations, Leopold was interested in expanding the
territory Belgium controlled.
• Stanley went to the Congo under the guise of an
international scientific and charity association,
called the International African Society. He used
these false pretenses to negotiate with local chiefs.
These chiefs thought they were signing friendship
pacts, but were actually selling their land.
• At the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the country
was placed under Leopold’s personal control and
named the Congo Free State.
Leopold’s Rule of the Congo
• Leopold’s rule of the Congo Free State
was harsh. In this region, Africans were
tortured or worked to death as they
collected ivory and rubber (the
invention of the automobile led to a
new market for rubber tires) for
Leopold II. Leopold secured control of
the areas rich in minerals. The natives
were forced to work for Leopold.
• As in the neighboring French colony,
companies were forcing local people to
work for them. Gang bosses used
whips to motivate workers, the
companies giving gang bosses
incentives to increase production.
More on Leopold’s Rule of the Congo
• When villages failed to produce their assigned quota
of rubber, they might be attacked by African soldiers
who were recruited by the Belgians. Or the failing
villages might by attacked by company guards and
looted. Village chiefs and women were taken and
held as hostages until the required production of
rubber was met.
• Men were assigned to control local villages, and they
established themselves as dictators, using women as
they pleased, taking what food supplies they wished,
and brutally killing those who resisted. In an effort
to control their supply of workers, the Belgians
resorted to mutilation -- cutting off a hand, arm or
some other extremity. The estimated death toll is
between 2 and 15 million.
The End of Leopold’s Rule
• In May 1903, members of Britain's House of
Commons began complaining about the
Belgian treatment of people in the Congo, and
in August that year Britain sent a note of
protest to Belgium. And King Leopold of
Belgium responded by rejecting what he called
British interference in his colonial affairs. He
denied any atrocities by making excuses for his
actions and calling them a type of charity.
• Leopold’s horrible rule caused public outcry
from around the world. Finally, in 1908,
Leopold was forced to surrender control of the
region to the Belgium parliament.
Foreign Rule by the Belgium
Parliament
• The Belgium parliament controlled the Congo from
Leopold’s surrender in 1908 until 1960. While the
rule was still oppressive, the government did
improve working and living conditions, but the
Belgian government restricted many rights of the
natives.
• Natives were restricted to living in certain areas of
town. They also had strict curfews. Education was
dominated by western cultures and values. The
Belgium parliament held complete control over the
Congo’s politics and there were no democratic
institutions. The Belgian government continued to
economically dominate the Congo by using the local
resources to make money for Belgium.
Independence for the Congo
• In the 1950s nationalist pressure grew forcing
Belgium to give up control of the Congo by
handing over political power to the people. On
June 30, 1960 a President and Prime Minister
took control of the Congo. Immediately a
power struggle began between the two leaders.
This lasted for many years.
• In August 1964 the country was renamed the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Independence for the Congo
• In 1965, a man named Mobutu Sese Seko took
advantage of the political instability and seized
control by naming himself president. He was
supported by the US, but turned out to be an
oppressive ruler. In 1971 Mobutu renamed the
country Zaire. He was an oppressive ruler and in
1997 Mobutu lost favor and was forced to leave the
country.
• In the late 1990s a period a war and violence was
seen as several groups fought for control of the
government once Mobutu left. In order to remove
any memory of Mobutu, the country took back its
old name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• In 2006, the country saw its first multi-party
elections. The results of which were unfair and full
of corruption.
Lasting Effects on the Congo
• Today the Democratic Republic of the Congo has a rather poor
economy and most of its citizens are farmers. It is a developing
country, however, and contains many valuable resources. One of
the country’s main economic resources is copper mining. In fact,
the Congo is one of the world’s leading producers of copper.
Since 1994, the Congo has been wrought by ethnic strife and
civil war, started by a massive inflow of refugees fleeing the
Rwanda Genocide. Fighting still continues, especially in the
eastern part of the country, financed by money made from the
illegal extraction of minerals. Almost 4 million people have died
as a result of the fighting.
• On July 30, 2007 a report by the United Nations Human Rights
Council found extreme sexual violence against women is
common in the Congo and local authorities do little to stop it or
punish those responsible.
• The Congo is still working toward establishing a democratic
republic. There is a constitution established, and many leaders
of the Congo are trying to move their country toward a free
government.
Algeria
Algeria
• The French first occupied African soil in Algeria in
1830. Their goal was to reestablish a dominating
presence in the Mediterranean.
• In 1834, France conquered Algeria, in north Africa,
and established a colony. French settlers flooded the
area and took control of the land.
• By the 1880s the European population of Algeria is
more than 350,000.
• While all this is happening the Muslim population
increases from 3 to 9 million. The European settlers
ensure that economic and political power is all
theirs. The Algerians were kept at the bottom of
society, unable to vote, hold good jobs, or have any
say in their country’s politics.
Algeria
• In the 20th century, the native Algerians start to
fight back. The early leaders of Algerian
nationalism thought the solution was to
integrate the populations instead of separating
them, making Muslim Algerians equal to the
French settlers.
• In 1936, the French government sees this as a
possibility and proposes a plan for 21,000
Muslims to get the right to vote immediately.
Response to Algerian Nationalism
• The French settlers didn’t agree with their
government. The proposal is dropped, but the stage
is already set for future conflict.
• When World War II ended, Muslims, who were 90%
of the population of Algeria, organized a National
Liberation Front to demand independence.
• After World War II, in May 1945, Algerian
nationalists began demonstrating and carrying
Algerian Nationalist flags at victory celebrations.
• This led to scuffles with the police which resulted in
an uprising by the nationalists. 88 French settlers
were killed.
• The French struck back by killing at least 1,500
Muslims. This is the official total given by the
French government, but other estimates total as
high as 10,000 deaths.
More Conflict
• Because of this crisis, the National Assembly in
Paris passes the Statute of Algeria in 1947.
– This allows Muslims to form part of the electorate
of the Algerian assembly, which would be elected.
There was also talk of reforms in the administration
of the colony.
• Several years later, few changes had been
made.
• During the night of October 31, 1954, an
unexpected uprising begins when several
terrorist attacks are carried out on French
police and military establishments in the
colony.
The Fight for Freedom
• At this point, there was constant fighting between
the French and the Algerian nationalists of the FLN.
• In the 1950s, the nationalists started guerilla warfare
against the French.
• By 1957, over half a million French troops were
stationed in Algeria in an effort to end the rebellion.
• In 1958, a new French president came to power and
he was willing to allow Algeria to rule itself.
• Despite the president’s view of freedom for Algeria,
the French colonists in Algeria resisted through
uprisings. These uprisings had to be put down by
the French military which was sent in by the
President.
Algerian Independence
• All this time there has been a provisional
Algerian government in exile in Tunis, a
neighboring country.
• Secretly the French government begins talking
with the provisional Algerian government to
settle all this conflict.
• In March 1962 a cease-fire is reached and it was
followed by a referendum on Algerian
Independence.
• This sparked conflict in Algeria, but in April
1962 the people of France voted 90% in favor of
giving Algeria its independence.
• On July 3, 1962, Algeria is officially recognized
as an independent nation.
After Independence
• Once Algeria achieves this victory a power
struggle occurs within the FLN to see who will
be in charge.
• There were many changes made throughout
the country and as new political groups
formed and fought each other for power, civil
war came to Algeria.
• In September 1999, the Algerian president got
a vote of 98% in favor of ending the civil war.
Imperialism in Hawaii
Beginnings of Imperialism in Hawaii
• http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperi
alism/#EP2
• Click the link above to read about the
imperialistic ventures of the US in Hawaii.
• Read the section titled “ Footholds in the
Pacific”.
• Answer the related questions in the packet.
Today
• On November 23, 1993, President Clinton
signed the “Apology Resolution”.
• This marked the 100th anniversary of the
January 17th, 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of
Hawaii.
It was an apology to
the Native
Hawaiians, from the
United States, for
overthrowing their
kingdom.