Download 2. Exanthema

TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY
Infectious and children infectious
diseases department
Theme: Early and Comparative
diagnosis of diseases with the
syndrome of exanthema
Lecturer:
•Exanthema –rashes
on the skin
•Identification of
Primary Skin Lesions
MACULE
• Circumscribed area
of change in normal
skin color, with no
skin elevation or
depression; may be
any size
PAPULE
• Solid, raised lesion
up to 0.5 cm in
greatest diameter
NODULE
• Similar to papule
but located deeper
in the dermis or
subcutaneous
tissue;
differentiated from
papule by
palpability and
depth, rather than
size
PLAQUE
• Elevation of skin
occupying a
relatively large
area in relation to
height; often
formed by
confluence of
papules
VESICLE
• Circumscribed,
elevated, fluidcontaining lesion
less than 0.5 cm in
greatest diameter;
may be
intraepidermal or
subepidermal in
origin
BULLA
• Same as vesicle,
except lesion is
more than 0.5 cm
in greatest
diameter
Measles
Measles an infectious viral
disease causing fever and a red
rash on the skin, typically
occurring in childhood.
•
Symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
Bloodshot eyes
Cougf &fever
Light sensitivity (photophobiya)
Muscle pain & rash
Usually appears 3-5 days after the first signs of
being sick
• May last 4-7 days
• Usually starts on the head and spreads to the
other areas , moving down the body
• Rash may appear as flat,discolored
areas(macules)and solid,red,raised
areas(papules)that later join together
• Itchy
• Redness and irritation of the
eyes(conjunctivitis)
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Tiny white spots inside the mouth (Koplik’s
spots)
Tests&diagnosis
• Measles serology
• Viral culture (rarely done)
Treatment
•
•
•
•
Acetaminophen(tylenol)
Bed rest
Humidified air
There is no specific
treatment for the measles.
SCARLET FEVER
• An acute infection
by group A betahemolytic
streptococci that
produce an
erythrogenic
exotoxin.
• The rash - finely
punctate erythema on
the superior trunk and
face two to three days
after the onset of
illness spreading to
the extremities.
• White, with red,
swollen papillae (white
strawberry tongue). By
the fourth or fifth day,
it becomes bright red
(red strawberry
tongue).
Tests
• Blood analysis
neytrofilyos
• Dik test
Treatment
• Penicillin
• Tetracycline
• Bed rest
Rubella
• Rubella Rubella (German measles) is a disease
caused by the rubella virus. Rubella is usually
a mild illness. Most people who have had
rubella or the vaccine are protected against
the virus for the rest of their lives.
• Rubella is also called as 3 day Measles or
German Measles. Family – Togaviridae Genus Rubivirus In general belong to Togavirus
group– RNA virus Diameter 50 – 70 nm
Enveloped Spherical Virus carry hemagglutinin
Virus multiply in the cytoplasam of infected
cell.
• begins around the
fourth febrile day,
with discrete lesions
spreading from the
hairline downward,
sparing the palms
and soles.
• : Koplik's spots in
the oral mucosa.
• The exanthema: lasting
four to six days, fading
gradually in order of
appearance, leaving a
residual faint
desquamation.
Isolation and Identification of virus
Nasopharyngeal or throat swabs taken
6 days prior or after appearance of rash
is a good source of Rubella virus Using
cell cultured in shell vial antigens can
be detected by
Immunofluresecentetmehods
Tests
• Serology In Rubella Hemagglutination
inhibition test for Rubella is of Diagnostic
significance ELISA tests are greater importance
A raise in Antibody titers must be
demonostrated between two serum samples
taken at least 10 days apart. Or Detection of
Rubella specific IgM must be detected in a
single specimen.
Treatment
• No specific treatment
or Antiviral treatment
is indicated.
• However Laboratory
proved and clinically
missed Rubella in the
Ist 3-4 months of
pregnancy is
associated with fetal
infections.
Meningococcemia
• NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
(MENINGOCOCCUS)
• Gram Stain - Negative
• Anaerobic - CO2 enhances growth
• Extracellular
• Features - diplococci - “coffee bean” or “kidney
bean” appearance
• Colonies - small, transparent on chocolate agar
Thank
You…