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Transcript
Aztec 1100 AD – 1522 AD The mighty Aztecs, a group of well trained warriors, spread their empire through conquest and slaughter. Aztec priests tore the still beating hearts out of their enemies as a gift of sacrifice to their gods. This tribe of warriors used their ingenuity to build one of the greatest cities and infrastructure of the ancient world. Overview • The Aztecs slowly expanded their power till they controlled the most important lands in South Central Mexico. At its height the Aztecs controlled an empire of some 22 million people, making it more populous than any kingdom or empire in Europe. •Aztec kings held both political and religious power. They controlled the civil powers and were seen as representatives of the gods. • Religion was a key element in keeping control of conquered peoples – especially with the sacrifice system. Rise of the Aztecs Aztecs entered central Mexican valley from the north. Overthrew Toltec's. Developed independently from Mayans Extended empire based on warfare and tribute into Central America . The Aztecs lived in what is known as the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico. Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire. Built on Marshes of Lake Texcoco 100,000-250,000 residents at peak. Larger than major European cities at the time The Aztecs, originally know as the Mexica, traveled throughout present day Mexico searching for a suitable home. (This is where Mexico gets its name today.) Some believe that many were the last of the Mayans. According to legend, the gods told the Aztecs to search for an eagle holding a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus. This is where they were to build their capital city. The Aztecs saw this sign on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco. What a bum deal from the Gods… The island that would eventually become the great city of Tenochtitlan, was nothing but swamp land…good for nothing However, the Aztec’s built Chinampas or, human made islands Reeds were tied together, then fertile lake mud was piled on the reeds, allowing the Aztecs to create fertile islands for farming in the swamp lands they called home Tenochtitlan was built on an island It was connected to the mainland by causeways leading north, south, and west of the city. The city was interlaced with a series of canals, so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or by canoe. Gold was abundant and used to decorate the city. Tenochtitlan - The Impossible City Today, Tenochtitlan Mexico City is The Aztecs created an empire through conquest. Conquered people and local rulers had to pay tribute to the Aztecs. When the Aztecs conquered new lands, the Aztec emperor allowed for regional kings and leaders to remain in power as long as they continued to send tribute. The Aztecs had an emperor and the Aztec Emperor’s main job was to lead in war. Aztec society economy was based mainly on agriculture and trade, which was provided by the citizens in outlying lands. Goods were bartered, as there was no known currency. (money) All citizens had to pay a tribute (tax). As the Aztec population grew, more food was needed. To solve this problem, Aztec engineers created “floating” gardens. They built a series of rafts, which they anchored to the lake bed. They piled on dirt and grew crops. They made walkways out of mud and reeds to connect the floating rafts. The gardens were quite successful. The Aztecs grew chili peppers, squash, corn, tomatoes, and beans. Their most important crop was corn. 3 out of 4 Aztecs were farmers. They also raised turkey, ducks, geese, and dogs for food. To build the city they wanted, they knew that they would need many engineers, builders, and traders. This required an educated population. To solve this problem, the Aztecs set up a system of public schools. Attendance was mandatory for all Aztec children, even girls and slaves. The Aztecs were the only people up to that time in history to have free schools that every child had to attend. There were three different schools: one for girls, and two for boys. Girls learned about religion and were trained to be good wives and mothers. They learned how to cook, sew, and how to care for their children. They also learned how to make beautiful woven textiles. Sons of the upper class went to the nobles’ school. Sons of wealthy traders and merchants also went to this school. They studied law, writing (hieroglyphics), medicine, engineering and building, interpretation of dreams and omens, and self-expression. They also learned about their history and religious beliefs. It was a tough school. The boys were humiliated and tormented to toughen them up. The other boys’ school was for sons of commoners. Its main goal was to train warriors and farmers. Boys had to sleep under skimpy blankets. They were given hard bread to eat. The commoners’ school also taught history, religion, manners, correct behavior, and important rituals, along with singing and dancing. Aztecs were polytheistic Huitzilopochtli was the main Aztec god. (weets se lo poch tlee) The Aztecs built massive temples and pyramids dedicated to their gods Pyramid of the Sun Pyramid of the Moon Human sacrifice was a common practice of the Aztecs. They believed that if their gods were not fed, they would not do their jobs. The sun god would not bring up the sun, and everyone would die. For the reconsecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed 84,400 prisoners over the course of four days. Life of War and Sacrifice “There is nothing like death in war” Only blood can nourish the Sun God 30,000/year 2,500/month 625/week 89/day 3/hour 1 every 20 minutes Every male served as warriors – regardless of standing They had an accurate calendar, hospitals, advanced medicine and surgery. They also had temples and pyramids, advanced agriculture and a huge empire that had millions of people. They also invented an ancient ball game similar to basketball and astronomy, math, and writing. Taking advantage of the situation… Cortes realizing that he was being welcomed as a king, took advantage of the situation Once believing that conquering the Aztecs would be difficult, he now knew he had things easy Cortes took all the riches for the most part without a fight Not only did the Aztecs have to deal with disadvantage of the Spaniards metal weapons and defenses, but disease also took a terrible toll on the Aztec people Without having built up tolerances against certain European diseases and sicknesses, the Aztecs immune systems were unable to fight anything off. Spanish conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztecs in 1521.