Download Study Guide to former History Test

Martocci Test.
Rise of Nation States
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William the Conqueror- 1066 Norman Conquest of England. Defeated the English and is the
“end” of the dark ages for England.
1066 Battle of Hastings: The battle allowing William to conquer England. King Harold, the
english king, was killed.
Bayeux Tapestry: an embroidered cloth—not an actual tapestry—nearly 70 metres (230 ft) long,
which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William,
Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the
Battle of Hastings.
Henry I and II of England - Common Law: Henry institutionalized common law by creating a
unified system of law "common" to the country through incorporating and elevating local custom
to the national, ending local control and peculiarities, eliminating arbitrary remedies and
reinstating a jury system – citizens sworn on oath to investigate reliable criminal accusations and
civil claims. The jury reached its verdict through evaluating common local knowledge, not
necessarily through the presentation of evidence, a distinguishing factor from today's civil and
criminal court systems.
John II of England - The King after Richard the Lionheart. Was a bad king, and raided his own
villages so this lords drafted the Magna Carta.
Simon de Montfort- An English baron who rebelled against King Henry III of England and took
control of England for one year-
What are the similarities and differences between England’s Parliament and France’s
Estates General? The French Estates general was a “mock copy” of the parliamentary system
that England had. It was purely symbolic, as no laws nor actions were ever enacted by the Estates
General.
The British Parliament was the collection of all the representatives from across the country. They
had power to approve all taxes and pass laws.
Phillip II and Phillip the Fair of France, Louis XI - Phillip II was the last of the Frankish
kings. Phillip the Fair entered war with France and arrested Jews for coin. Louis XI expanded his
absolute power, limiting that of his dukes through cunning and deceit.
Holy Roman Empire - Former Prussia, Former Germany. In present day Germany, the i forgot
king led this Empire into its glory during the holy crusades.
Holy Roman Emperor - Ruler of the HRE
Otto I - Founder of the holy roman empire. He ruled from 936-973. The first german to be
emperor of the HRE.
Archbishop of Cantebury - Leader of the Church of England
Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII: Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry twice.
Concordat of Worms: sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an
agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122
near the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the
Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted as containing within itself the
germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia
(1648); in part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the
European sovereigns over political control within their domains.
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Pope Innocent III - Under Pope innocent, the church reached its maximum power. He was a
skillful diplomat and one of the greatest leaders in church history. Considered his rule supreme all clergies and kings were servants. He placed England under interdict at one point.
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Nation-state - A nation state is a self governed sovereign entity of usually ONE ethnicity and a
unified economy. The modern nation-state refers to a single or multiple nationalities joined
together in a formal political union. Ex: Prussia + little countries = Germany. Actually, not sure
what this is.
Absolutism
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Absolutism - The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical,
or theological matters.
Mercantilism - A government should do all it can to increase the country’s wealth, focus of the
trade of the merchants. Because of the limited resources, to increase a country’s wealth, it had to
take from other countries.
Favorable Balance of Trade - selling more goods than are bought in foreign countries
Thomas Hobbes Bishop Jacques - Benigne Bossuet Hundred Years War and War of Roses - Setback of Government and economy. Collection of
conflicts between England and France from 1337-1453. Edward III held some land in France,
making him a vassal to the French King. When the last relative, Edward claimed the throne, but
Phillip IV was crowned instead. Edward then brought an army to Flanders, and the conflicts had
started.
1455, struggle for throne between York and Lancaster families, delayed centralized government
in England. York - white rose, Lancaster - red rose. Bands of nobles and their private armies did
the fighting. Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated Richard II of York. Became Henry VII, founded
Tudor dynasty, created strong government.
Henry VIII Tudor - Fiasco with wives - wanted a son, wife didn’t have one, so he wanted
divorce. Pope said no, Henry left the church and created his own Anglican Church. Named
“defender of faith”.
Phillip II of Spain - Born and educated in Spain, ruled until 1598. Dedicated responsibility.
Made central government responsible only to King. Tightly controlled government. Leader of
Counter Reformation. Devout Catholic. Defeated Ottoman Empire, Armada crushed in invasion
of England in 1588. failed attempt to invade France to stop Protestant leader. Biggest disaster ->
Netherlands.
Spanish and Dutch Relations during rule of Phillip II - Rebellion for 3 reasons. Ignored self
rule of nobles and insisted he held all power. Taxed Dutch trade heavily to fund Spanish Wars.
Persecuted Calvinists. William the Silent led revolts using guerilla warfare, opened dikes to trap
Spanish Forces. Won independence.
Henry IV of France - Ruled France from 1589-1610. Huguenot, but converted to Catholicism to
rule a united kingdom. To protect Huguenots, he passed Edict of Nantes. Tried centralizing
government power and discipling army and infrastructure. However unlawful taxes defied these
wishes. Tax farming was unfair to the poor. Appointed Duke of Sully as financial advisor.
Edict of Nantes - Guarantees political and religious freedom, protects Huguenots.
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Duke of Sully - Appointed financial advisor for Henry IV. Abolished unnecessary public offices,
and stopped tax abuse. Created surplus.
Jean Baptiste Colbert - Financial Advisor to Louis XIV, tried to bolster French industry and
trade.
Cardinal Richelieu - Chief advisor chosen by Louis XIII, felt that Huguenots + Edict of Nantes
were dangerous.
Thirty Years War - Protestants vs Catholics. 1618-1648. Began in Prague when Protestant
through emissaries from HRE from a window. Sparked rebellion, RHE sent troops to shut it
down. Protestant Germans and Danes went to war vs HRE, HRE defeated Denmark, Sweden
stepped in. Richelieu favored Swedes over Catholic Hapsburgs. France and Allies eventually win.
Louis XIII of France - Inherited throne from Henry when he was 8. Chose Cardinal Richelieu as
chief advisor. Richelieu wanted King to be supreme and France supreme. Reduced power of
nobles and political independence of Huguenots. Continued Sully’s ideals by strengthening trade
and industry. Reduced power of Spanish and Habsburgs.
Versailles - The estate at which Louis XIV stayed at. He moved all of the nobles there to keep the
government centralized and contained to himself, essentially removing their power.
Batu and Mongol Rule of Russia-Batu Khan was son of Jochi, and grandson of Genghis Khan.
He crossed the Volga and sent part of his army to Bulgaria, but most of it to Russia. By 1240, he
had Moscow in his grasp. In Russia, his domain came to be known as “The Golden Horde.”
Ivan III and Ivan IV-In Russia, absolutism had existed since the reign of Ivan III (The Great) in
the 15th century. Ivan the Great ended the Golden Horde’s dominance over the Rus. His
grandson, Ivan IV centralized and expanded Russia.
What is meant by “Czar” and “third rome”-Within decades after the capture of
Constantinople, people were nominating Moscow as the “new” or “third Rome.” Czar->Caesar(the Roman rulers)
Habsburg-One of the most important royal houses in Europe, known for being an origin of all
the Holy Roman Emperors as well as the Austrian and Spain Empires.
How did Russia and central Europe suffer as a result of Absolutism- Russian empress
outwardly showed her liberal intention; however, her reforms never reached beyond the
privileged class.
Hohenzollern-rules a small territory in southern Germany during the Middle Ages. The family
wanted to increase its power, influence, and landholdings. Near the end of the Middle Ages, one
branch settled into Brandenburg(northern Germany) The ruler of Brandenburg eventually became
an elector of the HRE. During reformation, the Protestant Hohenzollerns seized lands belonging
to the Catholic church. Frederick William, a Hohenzollern, guided his state through the difficult
last years of the Thirty Years War. All of the Hohenzollern possessions in northern Germany
were called Prussia(beginning with the reign of Frederick I(1688-1713).
Leaders of Absolutism
Louis XIV (France) (1643-1715)
p.455-‐458
1. Review the information on Louis’s “rise” to power. How did Louis’s childhood affect his
rule? Provide at least one specific example. How did this affect his treatment of nobles?
He was humiliated as a child by the nobles and decided that he would hoard all the power when he
became the ruler of france.
1. What role did the balance of power play in Europe when Louis ruled?
Louis didn’t think that nobles should have very much power.
1. Were the wars that France fought under Louis XIV good for the country? Provide a
specific example.
Louis created a massive army and decided that France’s security was dependent on natural borders
achieved through conquest
2.
What reforms did Louis XIV carry out? How did he do this? Provide at least 3 specific
examples.
Fiscal (Charged Nicolas Fouquet, reduced National debt by hiring Jean-Baptise Colbert, promoted
mercantilism) Legal (code louis) Military (reorganized, boosted morale)
Elizabeth I (England) (1558-1603)
p.471-‐472
1. What was Elizabeth I’s relationship with her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots?
Mary committed treason and conspiracy against Elizabeth, and Elizabeth had her beheaded.
1. Why and how did Elizabeth I defeat Philip II’s Spanish Armada? What was the result?
Elizabeth defeated the Spanish Armada by boosting her troop’s morale with the Speech of Tilbury,and her
huge navy which happened to be the largest and strongest at the time, and there was a large storm.
1. Why did Elizabeth I seek to control religious disunity in England?
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Very practical with religion, religious policies were tolerant compared to other rulers
Embraced Protestantism under question of legitimacy
I saw threat of Catholic Crusade against England
1559 Parliament started to legislate for a church based on Protestant settlement of Edward VI, wanted
monarch as head
Bishops were against this, therefore I accepted the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of
England
many thought a woman should not be Supreme Head
May 8 1559- Act of Supremacy became a law
So she could expand and tech to brood lord infestor
2.
What reforms did Elizabeth I enact to promote agriculture, trade, and manufacturing?
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I had granted a charter to the trading company known as the British East India Company. Set up a few
trading posts in Malaya and the East Indies, but India was the main location.
3.
How did Elizabeth I control the Parliament?
She cleverly called together parliament and used them to pass her laws and taxes without having them
affect her policies greatly.
Peter the Great (Russia) 1682-1725
p.460-‐462
1. Why did Peter the Great want a warm-‐water port? Was he successful in gaining this port?
To increase trade with other countries (warm water ports are accessible year round unlike the usual frozen
lakes and rivers of russia) and to improve the faltering economy of Russia. He failed.
1. What did Peter learn from disguising himself as a private citizen while traveling through
Europe?
Russia needs to modernize fast
1. What changes did Peter implement to modernized/westernize Russia?
Learned to build boats, learned from scientists and artisans, gave women rights, and moved capital to St.
Petersburg so he could be closer to European influence.
1. Where did Peter move the capital of Russia?
St. Petersburg, on the edge of russian territory. It was in order to improve trade.
Catherine the Great (Russia) 1762-1796
p.462-‐464
1. How did Catherine obtain the title of czarina or ruler of Russia?
Her husband (the grandson of Peter) passed away. Catherine helped to overthrow her husband, and her
husband died in jail.
1. In what ways did Catherine support the arts?
Built Great Theater
1. Describe the lives of serfs and nobility under Catherine. Explain the concept of an
Enlightened Despot?
Enlightened despots were rulers who made reforms after reading the works of Enlightened authors.
Enlightened despots were generally more benevolent than other absolute monarchs.
1. What territories and warm-‐water ports did Catherine gain?
Access to the black sea via a port at Crimea
1. Jot down info on the Polish Partitions (1772-‐1795).
In 1772, Prussia, Russia, and Austria decided to take advantage of Poland’s weak conditions and seize
slices of its territory for themselves. This was known as the First Partition of Poland. In 1793, Russia and
Prussia took another helping of Polish lands with the Second Partition. In the Third Partition by Austria,
Prussia, and Russia in 1795, Poland disappeared from the map of Europe until 1919.
TONY+KATIE
Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empire) 1740/1745-1750
p.465, 467-‐469
1. Which ruling family was Maria Theresa a member of?
Habsburgs of Austria
1. What was the Pragmatic Sanction?
Daughters and women were able to inherit hereditary possessions in the Habsburg family. Maria’s
husband Francis Stephen, who was supposed to be the Holy Roman Emperor, persuaded the states of
Germany to agree to the Pragmatic Sanction in 1713.
1. Describe the political territory known as the Holy Roman Empire (H.R.E.).
2. Which Prussian leader did Maria fight in the War of Austrian Succession? Why?
The new and able Frederick II of Prussia realized a weakness in the HRE as he saw a woman was ruling.
He wished to unite the scattered lands of Germany into one single entity and took over many small
German states. Maria Theresa’s lack of military knowledge led to several humiliating defeats from the
Austrians to the Prussians. The war concluded with Maria Theresa forced to give up the rich lands of
Silesia to the Prussians in the peace treaty. France gained a significant amount of land.
1. Which Prussian leader did Maria fight in the Seven Years War? Why?
1. Maria again fought Frederick II of Prussia. It was basically a continuation of the War of the
Austrian Succession + English and French Allies in North America and naval support. Prussia +
Britain defeated France + Austria overwhelmingly. The Prussian influence on Austria would
remain unchallenged, eventually forming modern Germany. The British influence on the
Americas would remain unchallenged over the French, eventually leading to the 13 English
Colonies.
Frederick II – Frederick The Great (Prussia) 1740-1786
p.467-‐469
1. Which territory did FII attempt to gain from Maria Theresa in the War of Austrian
Succession?
FII attempted to take the Silesian lands.^read all about it above on maria.
2.
Which countries fought in the Seven Years War? Causes?
GB + Prussia vs France Russia Austria
3. Describe FWII domestic policies (civil service, legal/court reforms and religion).
Improved education and bureaucracy, expanded trade/industry, religious tolerance, no self-govt.
to minorities
4. What is the Enlightenment? What is an Enlightened Despot? Which other ruler on this list
is an Enlightened Despot?
Catherine the Great
Empress Dowager Cixi (China) 1861-1908
p.414-‐416, p.765-‐766
1. How did Cixi come to power?
Following the death of former China Lord Thongzhi and eliminating other potential regents to installing
her nephew as the Emperor, she ruled as an Empress Dowager. Much of her ruling was as a puppeteer
behind the screen. She inherited most of her rule.
2.
What position did she have in the Qing imperial court before becoming empress?
She was the imperial concubine of the previous previous Emperor, giving birth to the new Lord Thongzhi.
After giving birth to the only male successor, she was promoted.
3.
Give examples of how Cixi opposed western imperialism.
She opposed any railroad construction in China as trains were too loud and impeded on Emperor’s tombs.
She supported the Boxer Rebellion that opposed westerners and they attacked the Westerners, causing a
battle.
4.
Describe the decline of the Qing Dynasty under Cixi.
Towards the end of her life, CiXi realized that modernization was the path to success. Still hesitant to
adopt cultural norms of the Western society, her officials began constructing industries and manufacturing
plants in southern regions of China amidst rising tensions with the Qing court. However, it was too little
too late. After her death, the last emperor was overthrown, and the dynasty fell. They adopted Communist
principles.
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire + Spain) 1516-1556 p.365 and 402
1. What ruling family was Charles V part of? What were his noble titles?
Charles was part of the (can’t find family).
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Noble titles
o King of Italy
o King of the Romans
o Holy Roman Emporor
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What were the political conflicts faced by Charles V (Spain v. HRE)?
Mother Joanna is legitimate ruler, however Charles V assumes royal title supported by Pope Leo x and
Maximilian I
Under certain conditions, Charles V was permitted to negotiate with Castilian Cortes
He overcomes Aragonese Cortes and is realized as Argon king jointly with his mum
Reforms the contracts between the monarch and the people, makes the monarchy more absolute
Charles V uses resources to assist in foreign conquest and the Castilians become discontent
Charles V suppresses the Revolt of Comuneros with ease
Integrates the Castilian culture with that of the Habsburgs, combining the region for further efficiency and
financial support
3. Explain the relationship between Charles V and the Protestant reformation, including his
relationships with noted Catholics, Protestants, and Ottomans.
Protestant Reformation
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Punished princes who protested Roman Catholicism (Protestantism)
Princes formed Schmalkaldic League to try and advance Protestantism
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Attempted to peacefully combat Protestantism
create Council of Trent in trying to stop religious wars
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Charles calls Martin Luther to Diet of worms 1521
forces Luther to renounce his views
Martin Luther refused and was kicked out of the empire
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1546 took arms against protestant princes
though won many of the battles could not ever defeat the Lutheran church
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Signed Peace of Augsburg 1555
all the German rulers had the right to choose religion for their states and it must be accepted by
the subjects or they move away
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Süleyman the Magnificent becomes sultan in Turkey, pressures Europe
Invades Europe by attacking ships along the Mediterranean Sea
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Charles V stopped Turkish Penetration of central Europe by driving Turks away from Vienna in
1529
Religious unity in Germany
Francis I tried to make alliance with Ottaman’s / forced to sign peace treaty to stop
Francis went along with alliance anyway
Charles allied with Henry VIII to force Francis to sign treaty Crepey
1547 forced to sign a humiliating treaty only King of Spain
Protestants fight use of many for religious wars and saw Ottomans as a counterweight to
Catholics
3.
Why did the religious wars devastate the economies of Europe during the rule of
Charles V?
He was Catholic and he fought the Muslims and Protestants. He used a lot of Spain’s money, and almost
destroyed their economy. Heavily taxed citizens in order to pay for wars abroad
4. Why did Charles split the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires? What factors contributed to
the split? What were the effects?
Not able to operate properly between the colonies in the Americas and the lands in Europe. France allied
with German rebels. The empire grew too large and it became too much work for him, so split the empire
between brother and son. Philip II ruled Spain.
Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Empire) 1495-1566
p.433-‐434
1. What was the relationship between Suleiman and his advisors? What role did they
play? What were they called?
Suleiman was the leader and he would give the land to the advisors and they were also called
viziers.
2.
What was the millet system? Why was it important?
The millet system was a system where Suleiman would divide his land and give it to certain
people, advisors. It was like the Persian idea of satraps.
3.
Explain the three social classes of the Ottoman Empire: Viziers, Reaya, Janissaries.
Viziers- advisors to Suleiman
Reaya - Peoples
Janissaries- soldiers
1. What public works did Suleiman undertake? How did this affect his empire?
Before Suleiman all the previous emperors had different laws and it was extremely confusing, but
when suleiman came into power he looked at all the previous laws and made one legal code from all of it;
consisting of combining and getting rid of some laws too.
2.
Explain the Siege of Vienna and Suleiman’s relationship to Charles V.
Suleiman attempted to expand further into Europe but was stopped at Vienna by Charles V
Akbar the Great (Mughal Empire) 1542-1605
p.217-‐221
1. Who is the founder of the Mughal Empire? Is there any connection to the Mongols?
Explain.
“Babur the Tiger,” a descendant of Timur, was the founder of the Mughal empire. The former indian
empires ended when they were attacked by mongols, maybe the new peoples are mongol descendants.
2.
How did the Mughals Timur and Akbar create their Empire?
They created their empire by expanding and united northern and southern India. They encouraged unity,
orderly government, and the arts.
3.
When does Akbar reign? Why is he considered the greatest leader of this empire?
Akbar took the throne at age thirteen and ruled from 1556 to 1605. He’s was considered to be the greatest
leader of the Mughal empire because he expanded Mughal territory, suppressed all resistance, was highly
skilled in military leadership, set up a fair system of taxation, was a patron of the arts and education, and
(most importantly) was very religiously tolerant.
4.
Describe Akbar’s “domestic” policies. Consider taxes, religion and the arts.
He set up a standard tax assessment system on villages that would adjust to how well the village was
doing
5.
Did Akbar and the Mughals have contact with Europeans? Explain.
Yes. He invited some of the rulers from Europe to India to discuss common things about their religion to
establish peace.