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Notes for Lecture 1 Target Items: sentences that include verbs in the “V-masu” form particles wa, o, e, ga, mo, and to wh-question words nani, doko & itsu; words that describe time and frequency Word Order: Generally, Japanese sentences are made up of several noun + particle sequences followed by a verb (or an adjective), which is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as ka (asking a question) and ne (seeking for agreement). Noun P Noun P Noun P Verb Translate (The alphabet indicates the dialogue in which the answer can be found): As for the weekend, what did you do? (G) I went to Edmonton. (H) (P) あしたはだいがくへきますか。 Ashita wa daigaku e kimasu ka. (As for tomorrow, are you coming to university?) Verbs in “V-masu” Form: The ending –masu makes verbs polite: it is used in formal style conversation. Affirmative Non- V-ます past V-masu Past V-ました V-mashita Negative V-ません V-masen V-ませんでした V-masen deshita よみます。(I read/I will read.) Yomimasu. よみません。(I don’t read/I won’t read.) Yomimasen. よみました。(I read/I have read.) Yomimashita. よみませんでした。(I didn’t read.) Yomimasen deshita. ざっしをよみますか。(Do you read magazines?) Zasshi o yomimasu ka. はい、よみます。/ええ、よみます。(Yes, I do). Hai, yomimasu. /Ee, yomimasu. いいえ、よみません。(No, I don’t) Iie, yomimasen. Translate: Do you speak Japanese? (04-E) I studied a little. (04-E) As for English, I do not speak (it). (04-E) I am not coming. (04-B) I am not going. (A) I watched a movie. (G) I played tennis. (G) Did you understand? -- No, I didn’t understand. (D) Verbs introduced in up to Conversation 1: mimasu (see), yomimasu (read), hanashimasu (speak), tabemasu (eat), nomimasu (drink), kaimasu buy), wakarimasu (understand), shimasu (do), benkyoo-shimasu (study), untenshimasu (drive), ikimasu (go), kimasu (come), kaerimasu (return), arimasu (there is…) Particles: wa presents the topic of one’s utterance (“As for item X, it is such that…). りょこうはいいですねえ。(As for travelling, it’s nice.) Ryokoo wa ii desu nee. o indicates the grammatical “object” of the sentence. すしをたべます。(I eat sushi.) Sushi o tabemasu. e indicates the direction of movement. Note that the verbs ikimasu, kimasu, and kaerimasu are used with noun + e. スーパーへいきました。(I went to a supermarket.) Suupaa e ikimashita. ga indicates the grammatical “subject” of the sentence. Note that the verb arimasu is used with noun + ga. しつもんがありますか。(Are there any questions?) Shitsumon ga arimasu ka. mo indicates “too” or “also.” わたしもかえります。(I am going home, too.) Watashi mo kaerimasu. no connects two regular nouns. えいごのほん (English book) eego no hon to indicates “and,” connecting nouns. パンとミルク (bread and milk) pan to miruku Time/Frequency Adverbs: You can add a time/frequency adverb such as ashita (tomorrow) to a sentence to describe when or how often you do/did something. every day usually often sometimes not so… not at all Translate: As for today, it is cool. (03-A) I will study Japanese. (05-A) I will buy a Japanese dictionary. (04-A) Are you going to university tomorrow? (A) Do you have a car? (05-C) There is a test tomorrow. (03-D) Then, I will eat sushi, too.(03-E) Do you speak English, too? (04-E) Ottawa and Montreal (H) まいにち mainichi たいてい taitee よく yoku ときどき tokidoki V-ます V-masu Translate: Q: メアリーさんはよくテレビをみますか。 Mearii-san wa yoku terebi o mimasu ka. A: はい、ときどきみます。 Hai, tokidoki mimasu. Q: じゃあ、よくビデオゲームをしますか。 Jaa, yoku bideo geemu o shimasu ka. A: いいえ、あまりしません。 Iie, amari shimasen. あまり amari ぜんぜん zenzen V-ません V-masen Translate: Yes, I sometimes drive. (05-C) Do you often read books? (05-D) I usually read magazines. (05-D) Do you watch TV every day? (E) Are you going to university tomorrow? (A) Will you study Japanese next year? (B) Wh-Question Words nani, doko, and itsu: Question sentences may also contain a “question word” like nani (what), doko (where) and itsu (when). Note that the word order remains the same in a question sentence as in a regular sentence. Q: なにをたべますか。(What are you going to eat?) Nani o tabemasu ka. A: てんぷらをたべます。(I’ll eat tempura.) Tenpura o tabemasu. Q: しゅうまつはどこへいきましたか。 Shuumatsu wa doko e ikimashita ka. (Where did you go over the weekend?) A: オタワへいきました。(I went to Ottawa.) Otawa e ikimashita. Q: いつべんきょうしますか。(When will you study?) Itsu benkyoo-shimasu ka. A: あしたべんきょうします。(I will study tomorrow.) Ashita benkyoo-shimasu. Translate: What did you do over the weekend? – I watched a movie. (G) Where did you go last week? -- I went to Ottawa and Montreal. (H) When are you coming tomorrow? (04-B) Prepared by N. Yabuki-Soh