Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
School / Faculty of VetMed, Teramo February 11, 2011 Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of simple present – sometimes in its passive form: Biology (from Ancient Greek: βιολογία: βίος, = “life” + λόγος = “science”) ................ (1. to be) a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution and taxonomy. Biology ................ (2. to be) a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics and disciplines. Among the most important topics ................ (3. to be) five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology: 1. 2. 3. 4. cells ................ (4. to be) the basic unit of life; new species and inherited traits ................ (5. to be) the product of evolution; genes ................ (6. to be) the basic unit of heredity; an organism will regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition; 5. living organisms ...................... (7. to consume) and ...................... (8. to transform) energy. Subdisciplines of biology ........................................ (9. to be recognized) on the basis of the scale at which organisms ................................ (10. to be studied) and the methods used to study them: biochemistry ........................... (11. to examine) the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology ............................ (12. to study) the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology ........................... (13. to examine) the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology ........................... (14. to examine) the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; and ecology ........................... (15. to examine) how various organisms ........................... (16. to interrelate) with their environment. Biotechnology ................ (17. to be) a field of biology that .......................... (18. to involve) the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, etc. Modern use of the term ........................ (19. to refer to) genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. However, the concept .............................. (20. to encompass) a wider range and history of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants and “improvements” to these through breeding programs that ..................... (21. to employ) artificial selection and hybridization. By comparison to biotechnology, bioengineering ................................................ (22. generally / to be thought) of as a related field with its emphasis more on mechanical and higher systems approaches to interfacing with and exploiting living things. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity .................... (23. to define) biotechnology as: “Any technological application that .................... (24. to use) biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use”. Biotechnology .................... (25. to draw) on the pure biological sciences (genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology) and in many instances .................... (26. to be) also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology (chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics). Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) ............................................................ (27. intimately / to be entwined) and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what ................................................... (28. commonly / to be thought) of as the life sciences industry. please pay attention to the grammatical collocations highlighted ****** School / Faculty of VetMed, Teramo February 11, 2011 Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of simple present, present continuous, simple past or present perfect: Charles R. Darwin ………………………… (1. to be) an English naturalist. He ………………………… (2. to establish) that all species of life ………………………… (3. to descend) over time from common ancestry, and ………………………… (4. to propose) the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution ………………………… (5. to result) from a process that he ………………………… (6. to call) natural selection. He ………………………… (7. to publish) his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public ………………………… (8. to come) to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime. However, it ………………………… (9. not / to be) until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus ………………………… (10. to develop) that natural selection ………………………… (11. to be) the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery ………………………… (12. to be) the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. Pharmacology (from Greek φάρµακον, “poison in classic Greek; drug in modern Greek”; and λογία, “study of”) ………………………… (13. to be) the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it ………………………… (14. to be) the study of the interactions that ………………………… (15. to occur) between a living organism and chemicals that ………………………… (16. to affect) normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances ………………………… (17. to have) medicinal properties, they ……………………………………… (18. to be considered) pharmaceuticals. The field ………………………… (19. to encompass) drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline ……………………………………… (20. not / further /to advance) until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the 19th century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis ……………………………………… (21. to be explained) vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first pharmacology department ………………………… (22. to be set up) by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons ………………………… (23. to produce) their effects. Early pharmacologists ………………………… (24. to focus) on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology ………………………… (25. to develop) in the 19th century as a biomedical science that ………………………… (26. to apply) the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. Give the translation of the following: 1. boar ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. buck / doe ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. calving ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. dairy cow ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. dairy products ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. death rate ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. kidding ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. kidney ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. liver ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Mammalia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. mammals ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… School / Faculty of VetMed, Teramo February 11, 2011 12. pyrexia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. Rodentia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. rodents ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. stray animals ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. wildlife ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. cromosomi ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. epidemia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. erpetologo ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. giumenta ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21. influenza leggera …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22. malattia infettiva ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23. microscopio ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24. puledro ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25. veterinario ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Write the plural and the Italian translation of the words given in the tables below: ITALIAN ITALIAN 1. aquarium 2. body 3. cattle 4. deer 5. fish 6. foot 7. fungus 8. glomerulus 9. genus 10. ox 11. puppy 12. phylum 13. species 14. vaccine 15. virus 16. taxon Add the missing words in the tables below: INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE 1. bear 7. deal INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE 2. feed become 3. 5. ITALIAN caught 4. 6. lead 8. lose knew PAST PARTICIPLE ITALIAN