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Emergence of East Asia to 1200 CE After Tang, Liao Empire (916-1121) Nomads and settled agriculturalists Kings and Confucian rulers: Portrayed as Buddhist monarchs, nomadic leaders From Kitan ethnic group Strong military-forced Song Dynasty to give annual payments of cash and silk for peace Cut Chinese off from Central Asia Jin Empire: Song helped Jurchens of Northeast Asia to defeat Liao and establish Jin Empire Jurchens turned on Song and drove Song out of Northern and Central China in 1127 Song reigned in South China as Southern Song Empire (1127-1279) Song Dynasty: Seafaring people and strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia Did not look North and West for relations because of strong Buddhist tradition in those areas Technological innovations (from West Asia) -Math -Astronomy -Calendar making Su Song = engineer (1088) -developed huge chain-driven mechanical clock (time of day and day of month) -indicated movements of moon and certain stars and planets Improved compass – made suitable for seafaring Shipbuilding: introduced sternpost rudder Watertight bulkheads (seawall and a wall within the hull of a ship) --Later adopted in Persian Gulf Standing, professionally trained, paid military Iron and coal = strategic resources High-grade iron and steel = weapons, armor, defensive works Used gunpowder Economy and Society: Civilian officials Higher value on civil pursuits than on military affairs Song thinkers = Neo-Confucian philosophy – humans are essentially good and reasonable Certain Buddhist sects like Zen Buddhism still popular Civil Service Exam – reached mature form in Song Dynasty System based on merit Rigorous exam. Open to all men, but really only possible for wealthy men to take and pass the exam Moveable type: Led to mass production of preparation texts for exam takers New agricultural technology = Increase production and spur population growth in Southern China Song Period: 100 million people in China Population growth and economic growth – fed to rise of large, crowded, well-managed cities like Hongzhou Interregional credit system – flying money Introduced paper money (government issued) Caused inflation and later withdrawn Government not able to control market economy as closely as other governments Certain government functions privatized like tax collection Merchant elite thrived in cities Wealth derived from trade rather than land Women’s status = decreased: Subordinate. Lost rights to own and manage property. Remarriage forbidden Foot-binding became mandatory and status symbol for elite women Working class women did not bind feet. Non-Han women of Southern did not bind feet. More independence than elite of Han Chinese women New Kingdoms in East Asia: Korea: Hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism from China and passed along to Japan Several small Korean Kingdoms united first by Silla in 668 and then by Koryo in 900s Woodblock printing (early 700s) Invented moveable type – passed along to Song China Japan: Islands and mountainous terrain Hundreds of small states – unified: Perhaps by horse-riding warrior from Korea in 4th or 5th Centuries. Unified state established government at Yamoto on Honshu Island Mid-7th Century- Japanese rulers: Political reforms Established centralized government Legal code Architecture National histories City-planning --Based on Tang Empire Japanese did not copy exactly – adapted to needs of Japan and maintained own concept of emperorship -No Mandate of Heaven concept: Rulers were always from the same family -Did not build walls around cities for protection -Emperors seldom had any real political power Shinto Religion (native religion) – survived along imported Buddhist religion Women of aristocracy became royal consorts Linked court with kinsmen Women were lonely with a lot of free time = writing, poetry, diaries, novels Constitution developed in 604: Influenced political thought in Japan for centuries -Empress Siuko – woman from immigrant aristocratic family (Husband died in 592 and she took over Major Buddhist center – perhaps surpassing China Heian Period: 794-1185 Fujiwara Clan dominated Japanese government Aesthetic refinement of its aristocracy Elevation of civil officials above warriors By 1000s, warrior clans became wealthy and powerful -Kamakura Shogunate – took control -Capital = Kamakura in eastern Honshu Vietnam: Similar geographic proximity and irrigated wet-rice agriculture – similar to Southern China = integration Economic and cultural assimilation took place = Tang and Song Annam elite (Northern Vietnam) – modeled culture on Chinese When Tang fell, Annam established independent state called Dai Viet Southern Vietnam- Kingdom of Champa influenced by Malay, Indian, and Chinese culture Cultivated relationship with Song – exported rice to China (type of rice was grown very fast) East Asian countries = common Confucian hierarchy but women’s status varied from country to country Foot-binding not common outside of China In Annam, Before Confucianism introduced, women had higher status than in China Nowhere in East Asia was education of women considered valuable or even desirable Rice-growing = suitable for Confucian ideology. --Need total cooperation of large kin groups