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Transcript
Reconstruction (The admission of the Southern states back into the United States of America) 2 Phases of Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction (1863-1866) Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Presidential Reconstruction (1863-1866) Was lenient on the Southern States, first Lincoln, then Johnson wanted to stress forgiveness and bring the former Confederate states back into the union quickly and painlessly. Conditions under the Presidential Reconstruction for a state to be readmitted to the Union 1. It must abolish slavery (adopt the 13th amendment) 2. It must nullify (declare invalid) secession 3. It must void its war debt 4. Most Confederates would be pardoned except in extreme cases. Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1873) Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1873) Was designed to be tough on the Southern States, Congress wanted to punish the former Confederate states before they were allowed back into the union. Conditions under the Congressional Reconstruction for a state to be readmitted to the Union 1. It must rewrite the state constitution 2. Put all southern states under military rule 3. States were made to elect loyal state officials (elected officials had to swear that they never supported the Confederacy, so no former Confederates were able to hold office) 4. States had to ratify the 14th amendment (which gave all citizens (Blacks too) the same rights, due process, equal protection under the law and it voided the state’s war debt) Reconstruction Act of 1867 North Carolina met all requirements and was readmitted as a state in July 1868 State Constitution of 1868 1. Extended the governors term to 4 years 2. Provided universal manhood suffrage (meaning that all men could vote)-15th Amendment 3. Property qualifications for voting rights were abolished 4. Allowed for tax supported schools open to all races Carpetbaggers A northerner who moved into the South to help carry out Congress’s Reconstruction plan after the Civil War. Scalawags A native white southerner who belonged to the Republican party during Reconstruction. W.W. Holden was the Governor of North Carolina in 1865, and from 1868 to 1871. He was the leader of North Carolina’s Republican Party. After clashing with the Ku Klux Klan, he was successfully impeached in 1871. Freedman A newly freed slave Freedmen’s Bureau An agency of the Federal government, established in 1865 to provide food, clothing, shelter and education for refugee blacks in the south immediately after the American Civil War. Freedmen School House, 1868 The Freedman’s Bureau, as seen through a Southern Democrats eyes. th 13 Amendment Ratified in 1865. Section 1.Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. th 14 Amendment Ratified in 1868. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President andVice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President andVice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4.The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5.The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. th 15 Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Balance of Power in Congress With newly freed blacks having the right to vote in 1870, many white southerners found themselves in the minority and at the mercy of the black vote. State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 Southern Democrats Southern Democrats (exConfederates) began to feel threatened by the new civil rights of the freedmen and feared economic upheaval. These whites became determined to keep the blacks “in there place.” They did this in 2 ways… 1. Black Codes Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local levels in the Southern United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans directly after the Civil War. The main goals of the Black Codes were; 1. to keep blacks as laborers (sharecropping) 2. to keep the same system of race relations (white superiority) Examples of Black Codes Different states and different areas within a state had different laws, some of these may have applied in some areas and not others. Some places may have been very restricted with many black codes ( like Mississippi) and some places may have had little or no black codes (like North Carolina). Freedmen could not own guns Freedmen could not meet together after sunset Freedmen could be put in prison if they had no jobs In some places, freedmen could practice no trade other than that of a farmer or a servant. Sharecropping A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop). Common in the south in the late 1800’s to mid 1900’s. 1880 2. Ku Klux Klan A secret society founded in Tennessee in 1866 that used intimidation and violence to return political power to white men in the south during and after Reconstruction. The End of Reconstruction Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, when President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew the army from the southern states. By that time, Republicans had lost interest in helping African Americans and in most cases southern white democrats had won back power in the state governments.