Download 3110302 Veterinary Immunology

3110302 Veterinary Immunology
Course syllabus
ประมวลรายวิชา
วิทยาภูมิคม
ุ กันทางสัตวแพทย (Veterinary Immunology)
รหัสวิชา
3110302
จํานวนหนวยกิต
3 (2 - 3 - 4)
ชื่อวิชา
วิทยาภูมค
ิ ุมกันทางสัตวแพทย
(Veterinary Immunology)
ชื่อผูส
 อน
รศ.สพ.ญ.ดร.สันนิภา สุรทัตต
ผศ.น.สพ.ดร.เดชฤทธิ์ นิลอุบล
รศ.น.สพ.ดร.โสมทัต วงศสวาง
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References
2004
2009
2003
2005
2006-7
No where to start ?
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Introduction to Immunology
Sanipa Suradhat, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Definitions
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Immunology: The study of the immune system and its
response to invading pathogen
Immunity: Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
The immune system: Collection of cells, tissue, and molecules
that mediate resistance to infections. The coordinated reaction
of these cells and molecules to infectious microbes is the
immune response.
The physiologic functions of the immune system is to prevent
infections and to eradicate established infection.
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Figure 1-1
Timeline of Immunology
1798 First demonsration of vaccination smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
1862 - phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel)
1876 - First demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch)
1877 - Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich)
1880-1 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as
vaccines. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur)
1883 - 1905 - Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages (Elie Metchnikoff)
1885 - First report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur)
1900 - Antibody formation theory (Paul Ehrlich)
1917 - hapten (Karl Landsteiner)
1924 - Reticuloendothelial system
1938 - Antigen-Antibody binding hypothesis (John Marrack)
1942 - Adjuvants (Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott)
1957 - Clonal Selection theory
(Frank Macfarlane Burnet)
1798
1900
2000
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Timeline of Immunology
1958-1962 - Discovery of human leukocyte antigens
1959-1962 - Discovery of antibody structure
1964-1968 T and B cell cooperation in immune response
1972 - Structure of the antibody molecule
1974 - T-cell restriction to major histocompatibility complex
(Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty)
1975 - Generation of the first monoclonal antibodies
(George Kohler and Cesar Milstein)
1976 - Identification of somatic recombination of
immunoglobulin genes (Susumu Tonegawa)
1983 - Discovery of the T cell antigen receptor TCR
(Ellis Reinherz, Philippa Marrack and John Kappler,
James Allison)
1985-1987 - Identification of genes for the T cell receptor
1950
1975
2000
Hepatitis B vaccine produced by genetic engineering - 1986
Th1 vs Th2 model of T helper cell function (Timothy Mosmann) - 1986
'Danger' model of immunological tolerance (Polly Matzinger) - 1994
Regulatory T cells (Shimon Sakaguchi) - 1995
Identification of Toll-like receptors - 1996-1998
Discovery of FOXP3 - the gene directing regulatory T cell development - 2001
Development of human papillomavirus vaccine (Ian Frazer) - 2005
Nobel laureates
1901
Emil Adolf von Behring (1854-1917), "for his serum therapy to treat diphtheria" (First ever Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine)
1908
Eli Metchnikoff (1845-1916) and Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), "for study of the immune system"
1919
Jules Bordet (1870-1916), "for discovery of the complement system in the immune system"
1930
Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), "for discovery of human blood types"
1960
Peter B. Medawar (1915-1987) and Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985), "for the discovery that the
immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self"
1972
Gerald Maurice Edelman (1929-) and Rodney Robert Porter (1917-1985), "for discovering the chemical
structure of antibodies"
1980
Baruj Benacerraf (1920-), Jean Dausset (1916-) and George Davis Snell (1903-1996), "for discovery of
the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the
immune system's distinction between self and non-self"
1984
Niels Jerne (1911-1994), Georges J. F. Köhler (1946-1995) and César Milstein (1927-2002) "for work on
the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies“
1987
Susumu Tonegawa (1939-), "for discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically"
1989
J. Michael Bishop (1936-) and Harold E. Varmus (1939-), "for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral
oncogenes"
1996
Peter C. Doherty (1940-) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1944-) "for describing how MHC molecules are used
by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells."
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In 1980 the World Health Organization
Global Commission for the Certification of
Smallpox declared a worldwide
eradication.
Figure 1-33
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Basic Concepts in Immunology
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Cells of the immune system
CD4+
CD8+
Layers of body defenses
Invading microorganisms
Physical barriers
Examples: skin, enzymes, self-cleaning, normal flora
Innate immunity
Examples: Inflammation, phagocytes
Specific/adaptive
immunity
Examples: antibody production,
cell-mediated immunity
The 3 general ways by which the animal body defends itself against microbial invasion
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Time course
Level of
protection
Physical
barrier
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
Minutes Hours
Days
Time
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Innate
immunity
Abbas et al., 2000
Macrophage Attacking E.coli
PAM vs bacteria
Dendritic cells vs yeasts
Neutrophil engulfing bacteria; www.wadsworth.org
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Principle mechanisms of innate and
adaptive immunity
Abbas & Lichtman, 2004
Innate & specific immune responses
Innate Immunity
Specific Immunity
Response is antigen-independent
Response is antigen-dependent
There is immediate maximal
response
There is a lag time between exposure and
maximal response
Not antigen-specific
Antigen-specific
Exposure results in no immunologic
memory
Exposure results in immunologic memory
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Innate & specific immune responses
Features
Innate
Specific
Characteristics
Relatively low
Limited, PRRs (TLR)
Relatively stereotypic
No
Immediately
High
Large
Highly specialized
Yes
Delayed
Physical and
chemical barriers
Skin, mucosal epithelium
Anti-microbial chemicals
Blood Proteins
Cells
Complement
Phagocytes, Neutrophils
NK-cells
Cutaneous and mucosal
immune system,
secreted Abs
Antibodies
Lymphocytes
Specificity
Diversity
Specialization
Memory
Action time
Components
Innate immunity and inflammation
Adaptive
Adaptive
immunity
immunity
www.medscape.com
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Clonal
selection
theory
Abbas & Lichtman, 2004
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Essential feature of adaptive immunity
Foreign material (antigen)
Antigen presenting cells
Antigen-specific
B cells
Memory
cell
Antigen-specific
T cells
Antibody
producing cell
Effector T cell
Humoral
Immunity
Cell-mediated
immunity
Memory
cell
Antigen elimination
Adaptive (acquired) immunity
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Abbas et al., 2000
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Figure 3-11
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Here’s how we fight the intruders
Pathogen
Pathogen attacks
attacks
Security
Security breached
breached
Sentinel
Sentinel cells
cells sending
sending SOS
SOS
Inflammation
APC migration
(APC leave the crime scene)
Phagocytic cell entering the site
Killing and clearing of invaders
Pathogen clearance
& Tissue repair
Effector cells
entering the site
Activation of
adaptive immunity
In the lymphoid tissues
Immediate
Immediate action
action
Back
Back up
up plan
plan
Phase of immune response
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Figure 1-20
Properties of adaptive immunity
Property
Significance for immunity to microbes
Specificity
Ability to recognize and respond to many different
microbes
Memory
Enhanced responses to recurrent or persistent
infections
Specialization
Responses to distinct microbes are optimized for
defense against these microbes
Nonreactivity to
self antigens
Prevent injurious immune responses against host
cells and tissues
Abbas and Lichtman, 2004
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The balancing act
The good
- Transplant accepted
- Reduced autoimmunity
- Reduced allergy
- Tumor immunity
- Protection from
infectious diseases
Tolerance
Immunosuppression
Immunity
Immune regulation
- Compromised tumor
immunity
- Danger from infectious
diseases
- Transplant rejection
- Autoimmunity
- Allergy
The ugly
Adapted from Martin and Bachmann, 2006. In: Immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. Academic Press.
The two-sided sword
Tizard, 2004. In: Veterinary Immunology
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