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Unit 4 Immunology and
Public Health
Unit 4 – Immunology and Public
Health
1. The Immune
System
a)Non-specific
defences
b)Specific cellular
defences
2. Infectious
Diseases and
immunity
a)Transmission and
control
b)Active
Immunisation and
Vaccination and
the evasion of
immune responses
2. Infectious Diseases & immunity
a) transmission and control of disease
By the end of this section you will be
able to …..
• Name 5 types of pathogen
• Name a disease caused by each type of
pathogen
• Name 6 methods infectious diseases can
be transmitted from person to person
• Name 5 methods the transmission of
infectious diseases can be controlled
• Describe both the individual and
community responsibility of controlling
transmission of infectious diseases
Type of pathogen
Description
Human diseases
caused by this type
of pathogen
Pathogens
• Pathogens are organisms that can harm
and cause infectious diseases.
• Examples of pathogens include:
– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Fungi
– Protozoa
– Multicellular Parasites
House MD parasite clip
Type of pathogen
Description
Human diseases
caused by this type
of pathogen
BACTERIA
Single celled organisms
without a nucleus
tuberculosis, diphtheria,
typhoid, cholera, tetanus,
dysentery and pneumonia
VIRUSES
Non-living particles that
can only reproduce within
a living cell
Common cold, herpes,
measles, AIDS, chicken
pox, small pox
FUNGI
Simple organisms including Ringworm, athletes foot,
mushrooms and yeasts
candidiasis,
that grow as single cells
histoplasmosis
or thread like filaments
PROTOZOA
Single celled organisms
with a nucleus
Malaria, giardiasis,
chagas disease, sleeping
sickness, leishmaniasis
MULTICELLULAR
Living organism, that can
live inside intestinal tract
or blood stream
Round worm infections,
tape worm infections
PARASITES
Think / pair / share
• What is meant by transmission?
• Choose one disease from each row in
your table and describe how it could
have been transmitted
• For each disease you picked, describe
possible methods of controlling the
transmission of the disease
Transmission of infectious
diseases
• The spread of microbes and infection
is also known as…
– TRANSMISSION!
• Transmission by inhaled air
– Coughing
– Sneezing
– Breathing
• Transmission by food
– Eating undercooked food
• Transmission by water
– Drinking dirty or contaminated water
Transmission of infectious
diseases
• Transmission by vector organisms
– A bite from an infected animal
• Transmission by direct physical
contact
– Touch
• Transmission by body fluids
– Sexual contact
– Blood transfusion
How can we control the
transmission of infectious
diseases?
Direct
physical
contact
Water
Food
Body
fluids
Inhaled Vector
air
organisms
Which 3 control methods would be
an individual's responsibility?
Which 3 control methods would be a
communities responsibility?
How can infectious diseases
be transmitted?
• The spread of microbes and infection is also
known as…
– TRANSMISSION!
• Transmission can occur by:
Inhaled air
Food
Water
Vector organisms (carry and transmit a
pathogen into another organism)
– Direct physical contact
– Body fluids
–
–
–
–
How can we control the
transmission of infectious
diseases?
• Quarantine
• Antisepsis
– The use of antiseptics to eliminate pathogens
• Individual responsibility
– good hygiene
– care in sexual health
– appropriate storage/handling of food
• Community responsibility
– quality water supply
– safe food webs
– appropriate waste disposal systems
• The control of vectors
Homework task – FACT FILE
• Pick a pathogen
• Pick a human disease caused by this
pathogen
• Research how this disease is transmitted
• Research the best method(s) of controlling
the transmission of this disease
• Other useful info:
– Symptoms of disease
– treatments / cures
– life cycle of pathogen
NB – you cannot do the same disease as someone else in the class!
BBC Infested Living With
Parasites
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgS
eMLZ-SK4
• NOT for the faint hearted!
Can you now ….
• Name 5 types of pathogen
• Name a disease caused by
each type of pathogen
• Name 6 methods infectious
diseases can be transmitted
from person to person
• Name 5 methods the
transmission of infectious
diseases can be controlled
• Describe both the
individual and community
responsibility of controlling
transmission of infectious
diseases
Quick Questions
1. What is a vector?
2. Give an example of a vector
3. Name a method an individual can
employ in order to control the
transmission of an infectious disease
2. Infectious Diseases & immunity
a) transmission and control of disease
By the end of this section you will be
able to …..
• describe the role of epidemiologists
• state what is meant by sporadic,
endemic, epidemic and pandemic
• describe possible control measures that
can be used to prevent transmission of
infectious diseases
What is Epidemiology?
• Epidemiology is the study of patterns of
health, illness and associated factors at
the population level.
• Epidemiologists study the outbreak and
pattern of infectious diseases to
determine the factors that affect the
spread of infectious disease.
BBC News report
• Watch the link to view the look-back on
the most recent health scare -Swine Flu
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10483218
Newspaper headlines
Experts may be poised to declare
swine flu epidemic.
Search for vaccine speeds up as
swine flu is declared pandemic.
World Health Organization may
declare an end to endemic as
swine flu fizzles.
Confused?
• Epidemic?
• Endemic?
• Pandemic?
• Sporadic?
The spread of infectious
disease are classified as…
• Epidemic
• Occasional occurrence
• Endemic
• Regular cases occurring
in area
• Pandemic
• Sporadic
• Unusually high number
of cases in area
• A global epidemic
Match them up!
Control measures
• Based on the results of their studies,
epidemiologists can suggest a number of
possible methods of control to prevent
further spread of infectious disease.
• Their recommendations may include:
– Preventing transmission
– Drug therapy
– Immunisation
– Or a combination of the above.
Tasks – 10 minutes
• Complete the PS activity about Swine
Flu in Scotland
Can you now ….
• describe the role of
epidemiologists
• state what is meant
by sporadic, endemic,
epidemic and
pandemic
• describe possible
control measures that
can be used to
prevent transmission
of infectious diseases
Quick Questions
1. For each statement below, classify them using the
correct term:
a) An average of 34 deaths in the space of 5 years sporadic
b) Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a city endemic
c) Unexpected number of people diagnosed with an
infectious disease in a local town epidemic
d) Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a country
endemic
2. Give the definition of the missing term that has not been
used!
Pandemic-worldwide epidemic
You have now completed
Key Area 3 of Unit 4!
