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Transcript
Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health Unit 4 – Immunology and Public Health 1. The Immune System a)Non-specific defences b)Specific cellular defences 2. Infectious Diseases and immunity a)Transmission and control b)Active Immunisation and Vaccination and the evasion of immune responses 2. Infectious Diseases & immunity a) transmission and control of disease By the end of this section you will be able to ….. • Name 5 types of pathogen • Name a disease caused by each type of pathogen • Name 6 methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person • Name 5 methods the transmission of infectious diseases can be controlled • Describe both the individual and community responsibility of controlling transmission of infectious diseases Type of pathogen Description Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen Pathogens • Pathogens are organisms that can harm and cause infectious diseases. • Examples of pathogens include: – Bacteria – Viruses – Fungi – Protozoa – Multicellular Parasites House MD parasite clip Type of pathogen Description Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen BACTERIA Single celled organisms without a nucleus tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, cholera, tetanus, dysentery and pneumonia VIRUSES Non-living particles that can only reproduce within a living cell Common cold, herpes, measles, AIDS, chicken pox, small pox FUNGI Simple organisms including Ringworm, athletes foot, mushrooms and yeasts candidiasis, that grow as single cells histoplasmosis or thread like filaments PROTOZOA Single celled organisms with a nucleus Malaria, giardiasis, chagas disease, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis MULTICELLULAR Living organism, that can live inside intestinal tract or blood stream Round worm infections, tape worm infections PARASITES Think / pair / share • What is meant by transmission? • Choose one disease from each row in your table and describe how it could have been transmitted • For each disease you picked, describe possible methods of controlling the transmission of the disease Transmission of infectious diseases • The spread of microbes and infection is also known as… – TRANSMISSION! • Transmission by inhaled air – Coughing – Sneezing – Breathing • Transmission by food – Eating undercooked food • Transmission by water – Drinking dirty or contaminated water Transmission of infectious diseases • Transmission by vector organisms – A bite from an infected animal • Transmission by direct physical contact – Touch • Transmission by body fluids – Sexual contact – Blood transfusion How can we control the transmission of infectious diseases? Direct physical contact Water Food Body fluids Inhaled Vector air organisms Which 3 control methods would be an individual's responsibility? Which 3 control methods would be a communities responsibility? How can infectious diseases be transmitted? • The spread of microbes and infection is also known as… – TRANSMISSION! • Transmission can occur by: Inhaled air Food Water Vector organisms (carry and transmit a pathogen into another organism) – Direct physical contact – Body fluids – – – – How can we control the transmission of infectious diseases? • Quarantine • Antisepsis – The use of antiseptics to eliminate pathogens • Individual responsibility – good hygiene – care in sexual health – appropriate storage/handling of food • Community responsibility – quality water supply – safe food webs – appropriate waste disposal systems • The control of vectors Homework task – FACT FILE • Pick a pathogen • Pick a human disease caused by this pathogen • Research how this disease is transmitted • Research the best method(s) of controlling the transmission of this disease • Other useful info: – Symptoms of disease – treatments / cures – life cycle of pathogen NB – you cannot do the same disease as someone else in the class! BBC Infested Living With Parasites • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgS eMLZ-SK4 • NOT for the faint hearted! Can you now …. • Name 5 types of pathogen • Name a disease caused by each type of pathogen • Name 6 methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person • Name 5 methods the transmission of infectious diseases can be controlled • Describe both the individual and community responsibility of controlling transmission of infectious diseases Quick Questions 1. What is a vector? 2. Give an example of a vector 3. Name a method an individual can employ in order to control the transmission of an infectious disease 2. Infectious Diseases & immunity a) transmission and control of disease By the end of this section you will be able to ….. • describe the role of epidemiologists • state what is meant by sporadic, endemic, epidemic and pandemic • describe possible control measures that can be used to prevent transmission of infectious diseases What is Epidemiology? • Epidemiology is the study of patterns of health, illness and associated factors at the population level. • Epidemiologists study the outbreak and pattern of infectious diseases to determine the factors that affect the spread of infectious disease. BBC News report • Watch the link to view the look-back on the most recent health scare -Swine Flu • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10483218 Newspaper headlines Experts may be poised to declare swine flu epidemic. Search for vaccine speeds up as swine flu is declared pandemic. World Health Organization may declare an end to endemic as swine flu fizzles. Confused? • Epidemic? • Endemic? • Pandemic? • Sporadic? The spread of infectious disease are classified as… • Epidemic • Occasional occurrence • Endemic • Regular cases occurring in area • Pandemic • Sporadic • Unusually high number of cases in area • A global epidemic Match them up! Control measures • Based on the results of their studies, epidemiologists can suggest a number of possible methods of control to prevent further spread of infectious disease. • Their recommendations may include: – Preventing transmission – Drug therapy – Immunisation – Or a combination of the above. Tasks – 10 minutes • Complete the PS activity about Swine Flu in Scotland Can you now …. • describe the role of epidemiologists • state what is meant by sporadic, endemic, epidemic and pandemic • describe possible control measures that can be used to prevent transmission of infectious diseases Quick Questions 1. For each statement below, classify them using the correct term: a) An average of 34 deaths in the space of 5 years sporadic b) Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a city endemic c) Unexpected number of people diagnosed with an infectious disease in a local town epidemic d) Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a country endemic 2. Give the definition of the missing term that has not been used! Pandemic-worldwide epidemic You have now completed Key Area 3 of Unit 4!