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Adjectives in English I. Defining Adjectives Examples: Noun: It is a cold day. Noun Phrase: an interesting experience for everyone. Clause: The joke she told was so funny that I couldn’t stop laughing all day. Read the text and indicate all the adjectives you find. Arriving in Spain A brilliant November morning with a sky of diamond blue above the bay and the red flowers of a long summer still glowing darkly on the Rock. The intense blackness of the lampless night had rolled away to reveal, incandescent on the northern horizon, the country we had come to seek. It crouched before us in a great ring of lioncoloured mountains, raw, sleeping and savage. There were the scarred and crumpled valleys. The sharp peaks wreathed in their dusty fires and below them the white towns piled high on their little hills and the empty roads running crimson along the faces of the cliffs. Already, across the water, one heard or fancied one heard the sobbing of asses, the cries and salty voices cutting through the thin gold air. And from a steep hillside rose a column of smoke, cool as marble, pungent as pine, which hung like a signal over the landscape, obscure, imperative and motionless. II. Forming Adjectives A. Verb Adjective -ABLE avoid avoidable bend bendable desire desirable hope hopeful fear fearful -FUL (verbs or nouns) power powerful Inglês IV Document #5: Adjectives in English 1 B. Noun Adjective -AL nation national culture cultural emotion emotional suburb suburban Sagittarius Sagittarian -AN/ -EAN/ -IAN America American -ISH a. Britain British Poland Polish b. baby babyish fool foolish c. Adjective Adjective young youngish red reddish -LY father fatherly coward cowardly friend friendly C. Adjectives ending in -ING a. To describe the effect that something has on someone’s feelings Example: A surprising number – a number that surprises you alarming charming embarrassing surprising amazing confusing exciting terrifying annoying convincing frightening tiring b. To describe something that continues over a period of time. Example: Portugal is an ageing society. Increasing oil prices are making certain products very expensive. ageing decreasing existing living booming dying increasing remaining Inglês IV Document #5: Adjectives in English 2 D. Adjectives ending in –ED a. To describe people’s feelings. Example: A frightened person is a person who has been frightened by something. alarmed delighted frightened surprised b. Some adjectives ending in –ED are used after linking verbs such as be, become, or feel. Examples: The Europeans are pleased with the results. He was always prepared to account for his actions. She was scared that they would find her. convinced interested prepared tired delighted involved scared touched finished pleased thrilled worried E. Adjectives ending in –IVE Example: extensive – doing something large in amount F. Adjectives ending in –EN Example: wooden – made of wood G. Adjectives ending in –IC Example: heroic – means the characteristic of a hero H. Other common suffixes Inglês IV -ant (reluctant) -ar (popular) -ary (imaginary) -ate (passionate) -ent (dependent) ible (horrible) -ious (victorious) -ist (racist) -ive (attractive) -less (careless) - ous (dangerous) Document #5: Adjectives in English 3 I. Multiword Adjectives 1. Past Participles i. The second part of multiword adjectives is often a past participle form. Adverb + past participle: well-liked beautifully-written Noun + past participle: self-centered ii. goal-oriented The first part of the multiword adjective may be a past participle Examples: worn-out tied-up laid-back broken-down 2. Present Participles Examples: time-consuming never-ending 3. Cardinal numbers + nouns Examples: a two-day seminar a three-week holiday 4. Other multi-word adjectives Examples: slip-on III. tax-free a top secret file Order of Adjectives Value/ Opinion Delicious, lovely, charming Size Small, huge, tiny Age / Temperature Old, hot, young Shape Round, square, rectangular Color Red, blonde, black Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese Material Plastic, wooden, silver Examples: - a lovely old red post-box - some small round plastic tables - some charming small silver Christmas ornaments Inglês IV Document #5: Adjectives in English 4 IV. Comparison of Adjectives A. Comparative Forms 1. Comparatives with –er cheap cheaper Examples: early earlier 2. Comparative with more or less modern more modern Examples: interesting less interesting 3. Irregular Comparatives Far further, farther Good better bad worse Making Comparisons - The simplest kind of comparison is with a comparative and than. Example: You don’t look older than your brother. - Comparatives can be intensified by using these words: Much far a lot a little Example: This book is much/ far/ a lot/ a little more expensive. Comparison Clauses - with not as/ so … as Example: Being a nurse is not as interesting as being a doctor. - with (just) as … as Example: Living in the country is just as expensive as living in London. - with such … as Example: I’ve never been to such a good party as that one. B. Superlative Forms 1. Superlative with –est Examples: cheap the cheapest early the earliest 2. Superlatives with most or least Examples: the most modern the least interesting 3. Irregular Comparatives Far the furthest Inglês IV Good the best bad the worst Document #5: Adjectives in English 5